CONTENTS 
Page 
Patterns of Animal Use in Education 199 
Primary and Secondary Education 199 
Animal Use at the Postsecondary Level 202 
The Alternatives 208 
Continued, But Modified, Use of Animals in Education 208 
Use of Other Living Systems in Education 209 
Use of Nonliving Systems in Education . .210 
Computer Simulation in Education 211 
Summary and Conclusions 214 
Chapter 9 References 215 
List of Tables 
Table No. Page 
9-1. Sample Policies Governing Animal Use in Primary and 
Secondary Schools 200 
9-2. Courses on Ethics and Animals Offered at U.S. Colleges 
and Universities, 1983-84 203 
9-3. Instructional Use of Animals in 16 Selected U.S. Medical Schools, 
by Discipline, 1983-84 204 
9-4. Animals Used in Laboratory Exercises and Demonstrations in 
Medical Education in 16 Selected U.S. Medical Schools, 1983-84 205 
9-5. Estimated Animal Use in Medical Education in the United States, 
1983-84 206 
9-6. Animals Used in Veterinary Education in the United States, 1983-84 207 
9-7. Advantages, Disadvantages, and Barriers to Using 
Computer Simulations in Education 212 
Figure 
Figure No. Page 
9-1. Computer Simulation of Cardiovascular Dynamics for Use in 
Teaching Physiology 212 
