Ch. 9— Animal Use in Education and the Alternatives • 215 
mal subjects used in education. Each phase of pri- 
mary and secondary education appears to offer 
an opportunity for shaping students’ attitudes 
toward animals. Grades 8 through 11 seem to be 
the most appropriate times for influencing the de- 
velopment of attitudes toward animals. 
Alternatives applicable to different levels of 
schooling vary with the educational goals of each 
level. Whereas classroom demonstrations or non- 
invasive observation could be appropriate in pri- 
mary and secondary education to teach the scien- 
tific method and aspects of biology, a nonliving 
system is inadequate to teach surgical technique 
and manual dexterity to medical and veterinary 
students. Computer models of biological phenom- 
ena and interactive simulations of biological ex- 
periments are especially promising alternatives to 
animal use, even in sophisticated laboratory phys- 
iology exercises. Interactive videodisk programs— 
although expensive and not currently widely avail- 
able-offer particularly realistic training simu- 
lations. 
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