CONTENTS 
Page 
How Much Does Animal Use Cost? 243 
Costs and Benefits in Research 245 
Biomedical Research 245 
Supporting Patent Claims 247 
Costs and Benefits in Testing 248 
Testing Pesticides for Toxicity 248 
Testing and Product Liability 249 
Testing Costs of Animals and the Alternatives 249 
National Expenditures for Research and Testing 250 
Toxicological Testing Services 251 
Government Toxicological Research and Testing 251 
Protecting Proprietary Interests 252 
Cooperative Research and Testing 252 
Toxicity Testing Data 252 
Summary and Conclusions 253 
Chapter 11 References 254 
List of Tables 
Table No. Page 
11-1. Total Savings Attributable to Biomedical Research 246 
11-2. Estimated Biomedical Research Outlays, Selected Years, 1900-75 247 
11-3. Selected Federal Expenditures Related to Toxicological Testing 
and Research, 1984-86 251 
List oi Figures 
Figure No. Page 
11-1. Relation Between Number of Animals Used and Cost of Animal Use 244 
11-2. Development of a Typical Pesticide for Agriculture 249 
