Ch. 12— Public and Private Funding Toward the Development of Alternatives • 269 
programs developed in order to cultivate attitudes 
conducive to the further development and imple- 
mentation of alternatives (see ch. 9). Some of these 
other initiatives, such as those funded by groups 
interested in issues pertaining to animal use, have 
developed from concerns related to humane edu- 
cation. 
The Health Professions Educational Assistance 
Amendments of 1985 (Public Law 99-129) author- 
ized the Secretary of the Department of Health 
and Human Services to make grants to veterinary 
schools for work related to alternatives. These 
grants can support the development of curricula 
for: 
• training in the care of animals used in re- 
search, 
• the treatment of animals while being used in 
research, and 
• the development of alternatives to the use of 
animals in research. 
Since 1981 the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation 
has given over $240,000 toward education-related 
alternatives programs including: 
• $25,000 to the Biological Sciences Curriculum 
Study to support the development of materials 
at the high school level relating to animal wel- 
fare as a legitimate consideration in biology; 
■ 
• more than $50,000 to the National Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Humane Educa- 
tion to support the development of People and 
Animals , an interdisciplinary humane educa- 
tion guide for preschool through sixth -grade 
teachers; 
• $50,000 to the American Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals to broaden and 
strengthen its humane education component, 
particularly through four 15 -minute humane 
education television programs for elementary - 
school children developed in cooperation with 
the New York City Board of Education; and 
• $30,000 toward the development at Cornell 
University of Resusci-Dog, a canine cardio-pul- 
monary resuscitation mannequin (see ch. 9); 
this is the first of a series of simulators, in- 
cluding one that will demonstrate irregulari- 
ties in heartbeat rhythm (7). 
The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal 
Research supports a series of intensive training 
sessions on in vitro toxicology for students plan- 
ning a biomedical career to promote the develop- 
ment of scientists who are well trained in the uses 
and limitations of replacement techniques. This 
$39,000 grant supports courses that cover the the- 
ory and practice of cell and tissue culture, in vitro 
mutagenesis, transformation, and cytotoxicity (20). 
RELATED TYPES OF FUNDING 
Three additional categories of funds may be con- 
sidered in conjunction with efforts to develop alter- 
natives. These types of projects are more likely 
to contribute to reductions and refinements than 
to replacements. Grants to improve animal facili- 
ties, research in animal health, and research into 
pain can have broad implications for research, test- 
ing, and education. 
Animal-Facility Improvement Grants 
Research support through grants to improve fa- 
cilities for housing animals is not specifically de- 
signed to promote the development of alternatives, 
but it may assume that role nonetheless . The qual- 
ity of animal care provided directly affects the 
health of experimental animals. Those maintained 
within a more controlled environment are less like- 
ly to exhibit variations stemming from exposure 
within that environment. And if they are kept un- 
der conditions better suited to their individual 
needs, they are less likely to exhibit symptoms of 
stress. These negative effects, all resulting from 
the intrusion of external stimuli, may skew the re- 
sults of an experiment. Less reliable results may 
in turn demand that more animals be used for each 
protocol, perhaps a needless addition under bet- 
ter conditions. 
To address this problem, the Division of Research 
Resources within NIH is offering grants for the 
development and improvement of animal facilities 
so that institutions can comply with the Animal 
Welfare Act and with DHHS policies on the care 
and treatment of animals. Eligibility is open to any 
nonprofit institutions engaged in research sup- 
ported by NIH. Two programs currently exist. The 
first, an ongoing program, has funded from two to 
four proposals each year for the past several years. 
