348 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
became the object of a proposed revision, stating 
that they: 
. . . must only be used after administration of a 
general anesthetic, adequate to cause uncon- 
sciousness, so that when the muscle relaxant is 
given, the animal is already unconscious. The ani- 
mal must then be kept unconscious until complete 
recovery from paralysis occurs. The only excep- 
tion to this guideline would be in unusual cases 
where the use of an anesthetic would defeat the 
purpose of experiment and data cannot be ob- 
tained by any other humane procedure. 
The revision was proposed in 1984 by the APS Ani- 
mal Care and Experimentation Committee and is 
presently under consideration by APS members 
for comment on its impact on the design of their 
research. 
Federation of American Societies 
for Experimental Biology 
The Federation of American Societies for Exper- 
imental Biology (FASEB) is composed of six constituent 
societies (APS, the American Society of Biological 
Chemists, the American Society for Pharmacology 
and Experimental Therapeutics, the American So- 
ciety of Pathologists, the American Institute of 
Nutritionists, and the American Association of Im- 
munologists) and one affiliated society (the Amer- 
ican Society for Cell Biology). As such, FASEB rep- 
resents more than 28,000 research investigators 
and clinicians. 
The organization adopted a policy on animal ex- 
perimentation in 1913 that in 1984 it reaffirmed, 
while endorsing the APS Guiding Principles and 
issuing a policy statement on the appropriate use 
of animals for scientific experimentation and edu- 
cation (16). The latter document urges "appropri- 
ate safeguards to preclude inadvertent use of pet 
animals,” supports the "wide application of accred- 
itation procedures for animal experimental facil- 
ities,” and resolves "that continuing collection of 
appropriate data on the conditions and number 
of animals used in scientific research and educa- 
tion is necessary for development of legislative or 
administrative remedies in the field.” 
International Association for 
the Study of Pain 
The International Association for the Study of 
Pain publishes the journal Pain, which first ap- 
peared in 1975. In its first issue, the journal ex- 
pressed its "one proper duty; to pursue knowledge 
for the alleviation of suffering in man and animals 
without any deviation in which we justify the pas- 
sive observation or intentional production of 
suffering” (4 8). Pain refuses "to publish any reports 
where the animal was unable to indicate or arrest 
the onset of suffering” (48). In 1980, the associa- 
tion’s Committee for Research and Ethical Issues 
published Ethical Standards for Investigations of ' 
Experimental Pain in Animals (15). These urge the 
acceptance of “a general attitude in which the ani- 
mal is regarded not as an object for exploitation, 
but as a living individual” and offer a list of guide- 
lines “concerned with the importance of the inves- 
tigation, the severity and the duration of the pain.” 
The statement speaks to the need for justification 
and review by colleagues, ethologists, and lay- 
persons. In addition, it: 
• states that "if possible, the investigator should 
try the pain stimulus on himself”; 
• urges careful assessment of the animal’s "devi- 
ation from normal behavior” during the ex- 
periment; 
• requires that by escape or avoidance , the ani - 
mal "be able to control the effects of acute 
experimental pain” and be treated for chronic 
pain or "allowed to self -administer analgesic 
agents or procedures, as long as this will not 
interfere with the aim of the investigation”; 
and 
• urges researchers to "choose a species which 
is as low as possible in the phylogenic order.” 
In 1983, the committee issued Ethical Guidelines 
for Investigations of Experimental Pain in Con- 
scious Animals (50), containing two salient revi- 
sions from the 1980 document. First, when sub- 
mitting a manuscript to Pain , authors are "required 
to show” that they have followed the ethical guide- 
lines that are published in every issue. Second, 
