352 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
tually lead to improvements in the health and 
welfare of humans or nonhuman animals” and the 
expected benefits must “clearly outweigh any pain 
and suffering experienced by the . . .animals.” Con- 
sideration of time or expense alone may never 
justify violation of the principles . Sanctions for vio- 
lation of the Policy include dismissal in accordance 
with due process and university regulations. 
School of Veterinary Medicine, 
Purdue University 
Purdue University’s School of Veterinary Medi- 
cine drafted a Policy Statement on the Utilization 
of Animals in 1985 (38). The statement makes clear 
that the school “cannot fulfill its teaching, research, 
and service missions without the utilization of ani- 
mals.” Purdue's policy spells out the sources of ani- 
mals for veterinary medical research and edu- 
cation : 
Animals must be legally acquired, and properly 
housed, fed, cleaned, and cared for to insure their 
comfort and well-being. 
The instructional programs require that pre- 
ventive medicine, curative medicine, and surgery 
be practiced in a sequence involving, first, ani- 
mals owned and maintained by the School and 
second, animals owned by the general populace 
who seek professional health services. 
STATEMENTS OF CORPORATE POLICY 
Industrial testing and research laboratories often 
have standard operating procedures in writing re- 
garding animal care and use . One of the most com- 
prehensive policy statements on animal welfare 
comes from the Research and Development Divi- 
sion of Smith Kline &, French Laboratories of Phil- 
adelphia, PA. In its Policies and Procedures for the 
Conservation and Humane Treatment of Experi- 
mental Animals, Smith Kline & French adopted 
the following initiatives (29): 
• Animal studies of a seemingly unwarranted 
nature, but that are required to meet regula- 
tions set by external agencies, will be reported 
to the Director of Laboratory Animal Science. 
SUMMARY AND 
In mid-1985, the Public Health Service of the De- 
partment of Health and Human Services released 
a new policy on humane care and use of labora- 
tory animals for all awardee institutions . The pol- 
icy requires self -regulation of animal welfare by 
all institutions using animals in research and ob- 
taining PHS funds. It is based on a PHS 1979 policy 
• Animal tests required by regulatory author- 
ities in certain countries, but generally not by 
others, will be reported to the Director of Lab- 
oratory Animal Science. 
• In vitro test methods developed to replace in 
vivo studies are to be documented so that other 
areas may consider potential applications. 
• Mistreatment of animals is a serious violation 
of policy and may be grounds for dismissal. 
• A series of Animal Welfare Achievement 
Awards will recognize and encourage a max- 
imum effort toward conserving animals and 
developing in vitro techniques. 
CONCLUSIONS 
and on information obtained during 15 site visits 
by NIH to awardee institutions with general as- 
surances on file with NIH. The new policy is more 
stringent and structured than the old one. It 
revolves around the institutional assurance to NIH 
and the institutional animal care and use commit- 
tee. To obtain assured status with NIH, an institu- 
