Ch. 16— Regulation of Animal Use in Selected Foreign Countries • 361 
These recommendations led to the formation of 
the CCAC in 1968 as a committee of the Associa- 
tion of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). 
CCAC is independent of governmental and direct 
university control and is funded by the Medical 
Research Council and the National Research Coun- 
cil. Its 20 members are drawn from various sec- 
tors: 8 from national associations of higher edu- 
cation (including the AUCC), 5 from departments 
of the Federal Government, 4 from national agen- 
cies providing research grants, 2 from the Cana- 
dian Federation of Humane Societies, and 1 from 
the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of 
Canada. The members of the CCAC also partici- 
pate informally in curriculum committees for in- 
stitutions that educate animal care attendants and 
technicians and, together with the Canadian Asso- 
ciation for Laboratory Animal Science, certify lab- 
oratory animal personnel at five skill levels (28, 
50,51,52). 
The CCAC has two executive officers: the Ex- 
ecutive Director, responsible for standards and 
overall operation; and the Director of the Assess- 
ment Program, responsible for compliance with 
the voluntary program. They organize the CCAC's 
activities around the Guide to the Care and Use 
of Experimental Animals, a two-volume publica- 
tion much like the Guide for the Care and Use of 
Laboratory Animals issued by the U.S. National 
Institutes of Health (NIH). The CCAC's Guide , pro- 
vided at no charge to every researcher using ani- 
mals, details standards for the care and use of ani- 
mals in experiments for government, university, 
and pharmaceutical research institutions. 
The most important requirement of the Guide 
is that a local institutional Animal Care Commit- 
tee (ACC) be set up. Volume I lists the following 
general requirements for a facility's committee: 
• It must consist of senior scientific personnel 
experienced with laboratory animals. An ex- 
perienced veterinarian or a biological scien- 
tist should be a member of the ACC or retained 
as a consultant. 
• It must be kept informed of all activities in- 
volving animals. 
• It must establish procedures to ensure that 
in any experiment likely to result in pain, the 
animal is anesthetized or given analgesics ex- 
cept when it would interfere with the ex- 
periment. 
• It is responsible for all training and qualifica- 
tions of personnel who care for animals. 
• If its members believe required procedures 
are not being followed and unnecessary pain 
is being experienced, it has the power to stop 
the procedure and to destroy the animal hu- 
manely if necessary to alleviate distress (11). 
In 1983, an addendum to Volume I, The Use of 
Animals in Psychology , provided additional guide- 
lines to those engaged in psychological research 
(13). Volume II of the Guide , published in 1984, 
provides information on selection, acquisition, use, 
and care of 22 distinct classes of laboratory ani- 
mals (14). 
In addition to the Guide , CCAC has also published 
Ethics of Animal Experimentation, a set of princi- 
ples for “all those utilizing vertebrates in the con- 
duct of research, teaching, or testing.” These stress 
the importance of: 
• exhausting all alternative methods before ani- 
mal use is considered; 
• using the best methods on the smallest num- 
ber of appropriate animals required to obtain 
valid information; 
• having a reasonable expectation that the study 
will contribute significantly to knowledge that 
may eventually improve the health or welfare 
of humans or animals; 
• avoiding unnecessary pain and duress, both 
in intensity and duration; 
• humanely destroying animals when severe 
pain cannot be alleviated; 
• seeking humane end points; 
• withholding food or water on a short-term 
basis only; 
• avoiding physical restraints; and 
• using anesthetics or analgesics for surgery or 
traumatic procedures (burning, freezing, frac- 
turing) (12). 
CCAC publications that do not necessarily promote 
animal welfare, but that are useful to experi- 
menters, include Canadian Suppliers of Labora- 
tory Animals (a detailed list of suppliers, with spe- 
cies, producers, and locations) and annual editions 
of Research Animals in Canada (comprehensive 
information, by species, on laboratory -animal re- 
sources available to researchers) (15). 
Compliance with the various guides and princi- 
ples and the functioning of the local ACCs are over- 
