C/7. 16— Regulation of Animal Use in Selected Foreign Countries • 365 
or veterinarians . Members are nominated by vari- 
ous groups— two by the Medical, Agricultural, and 
Veterinarian Scientific Councils; one by the Pub- 
lic Health Authority; one by the Council for Indus- 
try; and three by associations for the protection 
of animals. 
Because there are fewer than 300 experimenters, 
most of whom are clustered in a handful of facil- 
ities , the Board is able to oversee all experiments . 
A permit must be obtained from the Board for most 
experiments , and its decisions cannot be appealed . 
The only exceptions to the requirement for ap- 
proval are nutrition studies that will cause condi- 
tions similar to what might occur naturally, and 
experiments that cause only transient and minor 
pain, as in the taking of blood samples or skin bi- 
opsies, but even these procedures are subject to 
the statute’s other requirements . In a change from 
the earlier statute, Government institutes must ob- 
tain permits for experiments, although licensing 
of individual investigators in certain positions and 
of facilities is still automatic. Those having permis- 
sion to conduct experiments may delegate this au - 
thority to others, but they remain responsible for 
the experiment. 
There are two other important changes in stat- 
utory law. First, the use of animals in experiments 
is forbidden if alternative methods, such as cell, 
tissue, or organ cultures, could achieve the same 
results. Second, in the area of education, animals 
may only be used in universities and other institu- 
tions of higher learning, and then only to train peo- 
ple in experimental techniques. One troublesome 
provision, carried over from the 1953 act, is that 
animals of the lowest possible “rank” must be used . 
One can infer from the special protections given 
dogs, cats, and monkeys that these are the high- 
est species, but the statute does not specify how 
rank is to be determined. A recent ordinance re- 
quires that as of January 1, 1986, all dogs, cats, 
and rabbits be purpose-bred. The Animal Experi- 
ment Board is also studying the need for the LD 50 
test, with decisions expected no earlier than mid- 
1986 (40). 
The law requires the use of as few animals as 
possible and the prevention and alleviation of pain. 
Invasive (surgical) procedures and physically and 
chemically induced insults that might cause pain 
must be performed under anesthesia . The animal 
involved must be killed before recovery unless the 
experimenter can assume that pain will not en- 
dure or unless the procedures require that the ani- 
mal be kept alive. If the latter, the animal must 
be given pain relievers and special care. If it sur- 
vives in an abnormal state, any suffering that re- 
sults must be relieved to the extent possible. The 
abnormal condition must be corrected as soon as 
possible, or the animal must be destroyed hu- 
manely. If dogs, cats, and monkeys are not killed 
at the conclusion of experiments, reasons must 
be given; the exact details of destruction and dis- 
posal must be included (40). This is similar in ef- 
fect to those statutes requiring that an animal be 
used in no more than one painful experiment. 
Licensees must keep records and file a detailed 
annual report on numbers and species of animals 
used; type of euthanasia performed on dogs, cats, 
horses, ungulates, and nonhuman primates; and 
purposes of experiments. Since 1979, the Board 
has required reporting that is unique. Research 
institutions must distinguish between the total 
numbers used in experiments (Category A), and 
those used as controls and sacrificed for harvest- 
ing organs or some other purpose only indirectly 
related to the performance of an experiment (Cat- 
egory B). Categories are further subdivided to re- 
flect the risk of pain and suffering: 
• procedures of short duration performed not 
under anesthetic (Category A-l); 
• procedures of longer duration, when the ani- 
mal is not sacrificed while still anesthetized 
(Category A-2); 
• procedures performed under anesthetic, 
when the procedure is of short (Category A- 
3-a) or long (Category A-3-b) duration; 
• procedures to produce or test substances per- 
formed without anesthetic and not included 
in the following two categories (Category A-4); 
• procedures involving the induction of patho- 
gens or infection (Category A -5); and 
• procedures involving the injection of other 
matter (Category A-6). 
There has been a steady growth in the number 
of licensees in Denmark, from 159 in 1970, to 276 
in 1983, some of which is due to broadening scope 
of licensing requirements. Animal use has been 
fairly steady, but Category A uses have grown. 
Mice and rats accounted for 91 percent of all po- 
