384 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
OECD Guidelines Involving 
Whole Animal Testing 
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and De- 
velopment (OECD) guidelines have wide acceptance in 
the United States and abroad because of the Mutual 
Acceptance of Data Decision (1). Under the terms of 
this decision, member countries of OECD must accept 
data generated in other countries if done so according 
to these guidelines. Animal tests contained in the guide- 
lines are listed below. 
1. Effects on Biotic Systems 
202 Daphnia, acute immobilization test and re- 
production test 
203 Fish, acute toxicity test 
204 Fish, prolonged toxicity test: 14-day study 
205 Avian dietary toxicity test 
206 Avian reproduction test 
2. Degradation and Accumulation 
305A Bioaccumulation: Sequential Static Fish 
Test 
305B Bioaccumulation: Semi-static Fish Test 
305C Bioaccumulation: Test for the Degree of 
Bioconcentration in Fish 
305D Bioaccumulation: Static Fish Test 
305E Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test 
3. Health Effects 
Short-Term Toxicology 
401 Acute oral toxicity 
402 Acute dermal toxicity 
403 Acute inhalation toxicity 
404 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion 
405 Acute eye irritation/corrosion 
406 Skin sensitization 
407 Repeated dose oral toxicity— rodent: 14/28 
day 
408 Subchronic oral toxicity— rodent: 90 day 
409 Subchronic oral toxicity— nonrodent: 90 day 
410 Repeated dose dermal toxicity: 14/28 day 
411 Subchronic dermal toxicity: 90 day 
412 Repeated dose inhalation toxicity: 14/28 day 
413 Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90 day 
414 Teratogenicity 
415 One -generation reproduction toxicity study 
416 Two -generation reproduction toxicity study 
417 Toxicokinetics 
418 Acute delayed neurotoxicity of 
organophosphorous substances 
419 Subchronic delayed neurotoxicity of 
organophosphorous substances: 90 day 
Long-Term Toxicology 
451 Carcinogenicity studies 
452 Chronic toxicity studies 
453 Combined chronic toxicity /carcinogenicity 
studies 
Genetic Toxicology 
474 Genetic toxicity: micronucleus test 
475 In vivo mammalian bone marrow 
cytogenetic test— chromosomal analysis 
478 Rodent dominant lethal test 
Pesticide Assessment Guidelines 
Involving Whole- Animal Testing 
The Office of Pesticide Programs of the Environmen- 
tal Protection Agency (EPA) has developed guidelines 
for testing required under the Federal Insecticide, Fun- 
gicide, and Rodenticide Act. These Pesticide Assessment 
Guidelines contain standards for conducting acceptable 
tests, guidelines for the evaluation and reporting of data, 
guidelines as to when additional testing might be re- 
quired, and examples of acceptable protocols (2). Simi- 
lar guidelines have been developed by EPA’s Office of 
Toxic Substances (OTS) for testing required under the 
Toxic Substances Control Act (3). 
Subdivision E: Hazard Evaluation: Wildlife and 
Aquatic Organisms 
Series 70: General Information and Requirements 
Series 71: Avian and Mammalian Testing 
71-1 Avian single-dose oral LD S0 test 
71-2 Avian dietary LC S0 test 
71-3 Wild mammal toxicity test 
71-4 Avian reproduction test 
71- 5 Simulated and actual field tests for mammals 
and birds 
Series 72: Aquatic Organism Testing 
72- 1 Acute toxicity test for freshwater fish 
72-2 Acute toxicity test for freshwater aquatic 
invertebrates 
72-3 Acute toxicity test for estuarine and marine 
organisms 
72-4 Fish early life-stage and aquatic invertebrate 
life-cycle studies 
72-5 Life-cycle tests of fish 
72-6 Aquatic organism accumulation tests 
72-7 Simulated or actual field testing for aquatic 
organisms 
Subdivision F: Hazard Evaluation: Humans 
and Domestic Animals 
Series 80: Overview, Definition, and General 
Requirements 
Series 81: Acute Toxicity and Irritation Studies 
81-1 Acute oral toxicity study 
