App. E— International Agreements Governing Animal Use • 417 
computer modeling— and biological methods, includ- 
ing the use of micro-organisms, in vitro preparations, 
and sometimes animal embryos (7). 
Organization for Economic 
Cooperation and Development 
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and De- 
velopment (OECD) is a group of nations whose mem- 
bership accounts for two-thirds of the world’s chemi- 
cal production, including the United States, Canada, 
Japan, and most of the countries of Western Europe. 
It also embraces six organizations that have a major 
role in international efforts to regulate chemicals (6). 
In 1979-80, an international group of experts con- 
vened under the OECD’s Special Program on the Con- 
trol of Chemicals drafted and recommended for the 
Council’s approval OECD Principles of Good Labora- 
tory Practice . The Council approved the document in 
1981 (OECD, Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, 
C(81)30 (Final), Annex 2). 
Though the main purpose for adopting the Princi- 
ples was to promote international harmonization of 
chemical-testing practices and thereby help safeguard 
the integrity of test results required under health and 
environmental safety laws, the document is patterned 
very much after good laboratory practice regulations 
adopted in 1978 by the U.S. Food and Drug Adminis- 
tration (see ch. 13). Following the Principles’ general 
command would certainly have an impact on use of 
test animals, but they do not contain the same detailed 
language on animal care, management, and housing 
that domestic regulations do, nor are any sanctions 
to be levied for failure to observe them. 
Appendix E References 
1. Caufield, C., "Animal Treaty is No Protection,” New Scien- 
tist 1417:43, 1984. 
2. Council of Europe, Ad Hoc Committee of Experts for the 
Protection of Animals, Final Activity Report, Addendum 
I: Draft European Convention for the Protection of Ver- 
tebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scien- 
tific Purposes and Draft Explanatory Report (Strasbourg, 
France: May 18, 1983). 
3. Council of Europe, Ad Hoc Committee of Experts for 
the Protection of Animals, Final Activity Report, Adden- 
dum II: Draft European Convention for the Protection 
of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other 
Scientific Purposes, Appendix A— Guidelines on Accom- 
modation and Care of Animals (Article 5 of the Draft Con- 
vention) (Strasbourg, France: May 18, 1983). 
4. Council of Europe, Ad Hoc Committee of Experts for the 
Protection of Animals, Final Activity Report, Addendum 
III: Draft European Convention for the Protection of Ver- 
tebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scien- 
tific Purposes, Appendix B— Statistical Tables and Guid- 
ance Notes for Their Completion in Fulfillment of the 
Requirements in Articles 27 and 28 of the Draft Conven- 
tion (Strasbourg, France: May 18, 1983). 
5. Gravitz, M., "Primates Get Top Priority,” The Animals’ 
Agenda 5(5):4-5, 1984. 
6. Held, J., “Animals in Research: An International Over- 
view,” Cal. Vet. 1:93-95, 1983. 
7. Howard-Jones, N., "A CIOMS Ethical Code for Animal Ex- 
perimentation,” WHO Chronicle 39:51-56, 1985. 
8. Japan Science Council, On the Adoption of Guidelines 
for Animal Experimentation, 80th General Meeting, Nov. 
5, 1980. 
9. Lazarowitz, A., Management Authority, Division of Re- 
search, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the 
Interior, Washington, DC, personal communication, Au- 
gust 1984. 
10. Leavitt, E. (ed.), Animals and Their Legal Rights (Wash- 
ington, DC: Animal Welfare Institute, third ed., 1978), 
Appendix. 
11. Nay, A., et al., Animal Welfare Laws in Foreign Coun- 
tries (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976). 
12. Humane Society News, "Update: The Good With the Rad,” 
28:24, 1983. 
13. Rowan, A.N., Of Mice, Models, &, Men: A Critical Evalu- 
ation of Animal Research (Albany, NY: State University 
of New York Press, 1984). 
14. Vallier, G., "European Concepts on the Use of Labora- 
tory Animals in Relationship With Animal Welfare Prob- 
lems,” Dev. Biol. Stand. 45:189-195, 1980. 
15. Weiderkehr, M., “The Council of Europe’s Conventions,” 
Council of Europe Forum, March 1982, p. 7. 
