434 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
Animals 
benefits to, of research, 102 
classifications of, 37-38 
definitions of, 4, 37-38, 306 
estimates of numbers and, 5, 43, 206, 207 
importation of, 56 
moral status of, 71-82 
sharing of, in research, 114-115, 128 
students’ attitudes toward, 200 
Anticruelty laws, 305-314, 318 
APA, 346-347 
APHIS, 14, 32-33 
administration of the Animal Welfare Act by, 
283-289, 291, 293 
animal use data and, 5, 29, 30, 31, 50, 53, 54, 
57, 58-65, 295-297 
criticisms of, 297 
Federal Government and, 43-44, 46-49, 293, 388, 
393 
GLPs and, 293 
NSF and, 392 
U.S. Surgical Corporation inspections by, 324, 
325 
Approximate lethal dose (ALD), 182 
APS, 347-348 
ARC, 390 
Aristotle, 74 
Arizona, 288, 307, 309, 319, 320 
Arkansas, 158, 288, 307, 319 
ASPCA, 269, 309 
Association of American Medical Colleges. See 
AAMC 
Association of American Veterinary Medical Col- 
leges. See AAVMC 
Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, 
361 
Augustine, Saint, 73 
Australia, 17, 324, 359-360 
AVMA, 207, 344-345, 350 
Barth, Karl, 74 
Biosciences Information Service (BIOSIS), 224, 231, 
238 
Bristol Myers Company, 13, 266 
British Columbia, University of, 360 
Brown, Alex & Sons, 56 
Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Com- 
merce. See National Bureau of Standards 
(NBS) 
CAAT, 13 
animal use alternatives and, 189 
funding for alternatives by, 266-267 
private funding of, 264 
California, 288, 289, 307 
pound release laws in, 319, 320 
regulations in, 166, 167, 316-317, 321 
RRFs in, 287 
California, University of Southern, 346, 351 
Calvin, John, 74 
Canada, 17, 176, 201-202, 268, 359, 360-362 
Canadian Council on Animal Care. See CCAC 
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. See 
CFHS 
Catholic University, 210 
CCAC, 360-362 
CDC, 295 
animal use by, 9, 45 
economics of testing and, 251 
funding for NTP by, 264-265 
guidelines of, 337 
regulatory activities by, 158, 165 
Cell culture, 118 
as alternative, 4, 121-122, 133, 175, 177-179, 183, 
184-186, 189-190 
and polio vaccine, 91 
training in use of, 210 
See also In vitro techniques; Living systems 
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. See 
CAAT 
Centers for Disease Control. See CDC 
CERCLA, 163-164 
CFHS, 361 
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology . See CUT 
Chemical Times and Trends (CT&T), 287 
CUT 
computer-based registries and, 238 
and data sharing, 176, 252 
literature prepared for, 219 
Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, 360 
Colgate-Palmolive Company, 268 
Colorado, 166, 286, 288, 307, 312-313, 316, 319, 
320 
Colorado State University, 320, 342 
Commerce, Department of (U.S.), 44, 277, 297, 386 
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compen- 
sation, and Liability Act. See CERCLA 
Computer systems 
as animal alternative, 7-8, 11-12, 124-126, 
136-138, 180-181, 182-183, 185, 211-214, 
228-238 
FRAME and, 189 
NIH funding for, 261-262 
policy issues and, 22 
in research, 13 
Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 280 
Connecticut, 288, 307, 315, 316-317, 318, 319, 
323-328 
Consistency argument, 77-78 
Consumer Product Safety Commission. See CPSC 
