Index • 437 
Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources. See 
ILAR 
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. See 
IACUC 
Institutional Review Board. See IRB 
Interagency Research Animal Committee. See IRAC 
Interest theory, 76-77 
Interior, Department of the (U.S.), 45, 49, 285, 
386, 390 
International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF), 
201 
Invertebrates 
as animal alternative, 122-123, 133-135, 177, 179, 
209 
ethical use of, 134 
in toxicity tests, 185 
In vitro techniques, 157 
as animal alternative, 10, 118-122, 124, 126, 150, 
177-179, 182-183, 185, 186, 188, 210 
delays in implementing, 189 
economics of, 250 
funding of, 261, 265 
mathematical model of,' 267 
for patents, 248 
and policy options, 22 
See also Cell culture; Living systems; Organ cul- 
ture; Tissue culture 
In vivo techniques, 120, 157, 184, 186 
in education, 210 
in research, 117, 124, 188 
Iowa, 288, 289, 307, 316-317, 319 
IRAC, 16, 295 
DOD and, 387 
DOE and, 388 
guidelines of, 337-339 
NASA and, 391 
IRBs, 340, 342 
Japan, 150 
animal use regulation in, 359, 362-363 
data sharing by, 223 
Johns Hopkins University, The, 13, 23, 57, 264 
Kansas, 288, 289, 307, 309, 316-317, 319, 321 
Kant, Emmanuel, 76, 81 
Kentucky, 288, 307, 319 
Laboratory Animal Data Bank (LADB), 11-12, 176, 
229, 233-238 
Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, 13-14, 16, 46, 49, 
275, 276-291, 295 
amending of, 16, 26, 32-34 
1970 amendments to, 278-279, 281-283 
1976 amendments to, 279-283 
1985 amendments to, 12, 14, 16, 280-281, 386 
animal rights and, 315, 316 
and APHIS, 29-30, 31, 283-290, 291-294 
CPSC and, 391 
criticisms of, 297-298 
and data collection, 5 
economics of, 278, 279, 281, 287 
and Federal agencies, 31, 44, 269, 289-290, 
387-392 
litigation and, 290-291 
research facilities and, 276-277, 278-279, 281-287 
State duplication of, 317 
Taub case and, 310-312 
Labor, Department of (U.S.), 164 
LC S0 test, 166-167 
LD S0 test, 8, 80-81 
alternatives to, 268, 351 
in chemical testing, 151 
cost of, 250 
CPSC and, 164, 391 
data uses, 166-167 
in Denmark, 365 
FDA and, 388-389 
FRAME and, 153 
methodology of, 153 
modification of, 19, 21, 175, 181-183, 189-190 
restrictions on, 28 
in science fairs, 201 
in Switzerland, 359 
trends in use of, 157 
Life Sciences Research Office, 235 
Limit test 
as alternative to LD S0 test, 182 
CPSC and, 391 
methodology of, 153 
Litigation, 167-168, 175, 247, 253, 290-291, 323-328 
Living systems, 7-8, 118-123, 126, 133-136, 177-179, 
209-210 
See also Cell culture; In vitro techniques; Organ 
culture; Tissue culture 
Louisiana, 288, 307, 319 
Louisiana State University, 56 
Maine, 288, 307, 308, 318, 319 
Maryland, 288, 293, 307, 308, 310-312, 319 
Maryland, University of, 57 
Maryland v. Taub, 310-312, 313, 335 
Massachusetts, 15, 287, 288, 307, 313, 316-318, 
319, 321-322 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 260 
Mean lethal dose test. See LD S0 test 
Michigan, 287, 288, 307, 314, 316-317, 319, 320 
Micro-organisms, 123, 177, 179, 186 
Microsurgery, 204, 205, 210 
Midgeley, Mary, 78 
Minnesota, 288, 307, 316, 319 
