Index • 439 
OECD 
data sharing and, 223 
FDA and, 388 
and policy options, 22 
testing guidelines use by, 152, 156, 384, 417 
unpublished information and, 228 
Ohio, 268, 288 
on-line databases in, 231, 233, 235 
regulations in, 307, 316-317, 319 
RRFs in, 287 
Oklahoma, 288, 307, 316-317, 319 
Oregon, 166, 288, 307, 319 
Organ culture, 119-120, 133, 177, 179 
See also In vitro techniques; Living systems 
Organization for Economic Cooperation and De- 
velopment. See OECD 
OSHA, 9, 157, 162, 166 
Pain 
Animal Welfare Act and, 279 
definition of, 4-5 
funding for relief of, 270 
in research animals, 103-105, 117-118, 130-132, 
176, 209 
Patents, 247-248 
Paul, Saint, 73 
Pennsylvania 
regulations in, 307, 308, 310, 316-317, 318, 319, 
321 
RRFs in, 287, 288 
Pennsylvania, University of, 263 
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association. See 
PMA 
Pharmacokinetics, 153, 157, 185, 190 
PHS, 13, 15, 26 
and data collection, 31 
economics of animal use and, 244 
guidelines by, 295, 335-339, 340-341, 395-400 
Health Research Extension Act of 1985 and, 281, 
291 
recognition of AAALAC by, 345 
VA and, 393 
PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laborato- 
ry Animals. See PHS, guidelines by 
Plants, as animal alternatives, 123, 133, 135-136 
PMA 
AAALAC and, 344 
computer-based registries and, 238 
and data sharing, 176 
Policy issues 
and animal use alternatives, 18-34 
data accumulation and, 43 
options for, 18-34 
Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory 
Animals by Awardee Institutions (PHS). See 
PHS, guidelines by 
Pound release laws, 318-320 
Primates, 5, 49, 52, 89-93, 132, 151, 243, 291, 294, 
351, 412 
Primate Research Institute, 114 
Product liability 
and animal use, 157, 167-168, 189 
and economics, 249 
testing and, 175 
Protocols 
for animal use, 105-108 
computer systems and, 138, 228-230 
and data quality, 221, 222, 228-230 
EPA and, 161, 163 
experimental, 149, 156 
FDA and, 158-159 
IACUCs and, 342 
for pain relief, 117-118, 130-132, 176 
and product liability, 168 
for replacing animals, 8-10, 107, 114-116, 
126-128 
Public Health Service. See PHS 
Purdue University, 352 
Quantitative structure -activity relationships (QSAR), 
180 
Quintana, Pierre, 327, 328 
Reduction 
of animal use, 4, 10, 11, 39, 114-116, 126-128, 
175-179, 186-187, 188-190, 209 
computer systems and, 228 
data analysis and, 126-128 
definition of, 4 
funding for, 263-264, 268, 269-270 
LD S0 test and, 182 
protocols and, 8-10 
see also Refinement; Replacement 
Refinement 
of animal use, 4, 10, 11, 39, 182, 183, 188-190, 
209 
definition of, 4 
funding for, 263-264, 270 
limit test as, 182 
Regan, Tom, 77, 81-82 
Registered Research Facilities (RRFs), 287, 288, 291 
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. 
See RTECS 
Regulations 
animal rights and, 315-316 
of animal use, 13-18, 46, 157-167, 201-202, 203, 
275-298, 305-322, 335-352, 359-375, 386-393 
criticisms of, 297-298 
economics and, 251, 252-253 
Federal preemption of State, 33-34, 311-313 
funding for alternatives and, 264 
of nonanimal organisms, 179 
