440 • Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education 
product liability and, 167-168 
unpublished data and, 221-222 
Regulatory practices 
Animal Welfare Act and, 278, 279, 280, 283-290 
APHIS and, 286-289 
effect on animal use of, 12, 157-167 
Health Research Extension Act of 1985 and, 
291-292 
modifications of animal use laws and, 297-298 
patents and, 248 
testing methods and, 150, 157-167, 175, 181-182, 
188-189 
Replacement 
of animals in testing, 4, 10-11, 39, 128-130, 
179-181, 182-183, 185-190, 209-214 
definition of, 4 
funding of, 259-269 
plants as, 135-136 
in research protocols, 107 
Resusci-Dog as a, 4, 213, 269 
vertebrates as, 133-135 
Research 
alternatives to animal use in, 6-8, 13, 113-138 
animal use in, 3, 89-108 
Animal Welfare Act and, 276-291 
anticruelty laws’ applicability to, 310-314 
benefits to animals from, 102 
economics of, 245-248, 250-251 
and education, 202 
funding of, 22-23, 259-264, 269 
Health Research Extension Act of 1985 and, 
291-292 
IACUCs and, 340-344 
pain reduction in animals used in, 117-118, 
130-132 
pound release laws and, 318-320 
species choice in, 94-99, 103 
and testing, 149 
Restricted necessity, 80-81 
Resusci-Dog, 213, 269 
Revlon Inc., 265-266 
Rhode Island, 288, 307, 316-317, 318, 319 
Rickaby, Joseph, 73 
RNA replication, 122, 125 
Rockefeller University, 13, 23, 189, 265-266, 267 
Rowan, Andrew N., 56, 57 
RTECS, 229-231, 237 
Saunders &, Co., W.B., 55 
Schweitzer, Albert, 74 
Science, 117 
Science fairs, 200-202 
Singer, Peter, 76-77, 79 
Small Business Innovation Research Program, 263 
Smith, Kline & French Laboratories, 346, 352 
Snell, Inc., Foster D., 55-56 
Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR), 349 
South Carolina, 288, 307, 319 
South Dakota, 288, 307, 316, 319 
“Speciesism,” 6, 79 
Superfund. See CERCLA 
Sweden, 359, 369-371 
Switzerland 
economics of test ban in, 251 
information center in, 220 
regulations in, 28, 369, 371-372 
Taub, Edward, 310, 312 
Tennessee, 220, 288, 307, 316, 319, 321 
Testing 
animal use in, 3, 8-10, 149-168, 175-190 
data accumulation and, 8 
economics of, 248-251, 252-253 
funding for alternatives to animals in, 264-268 
Government’s role in, 157-167 
methods of, 150-157 
overlap with research, 149 
standardized methods in, 152, 156 
Texas, 286, 288, 289, 307, 319 
constitutionality of anticruelty laws in, 309 
hazardous waste regulations in, 166 
RRFs in, 287 
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 73, 81 
Tissue culture, 120-122, 133, 210 
See also In vitro techniques; Living systems 
Toxicology Data Bank, 229 
Treasury, Department of (U.S.), 277 
T-test, 115, 135 
Tufts University, 57 
United Kingdom, 268 
animal use regulation in, 17, 18, 203-204, 359, 
373-375 
and data collection, 29 
licensing animal users in, 28 
United Nations Environment Program, 224 
Unrestricted necessity, 81 
USDA, 5, 33, 46, 53 
animal use by, 9, 44 
animal use regulation and, 386, 387, 388, 392 
and the Animal Welfare Act, 14, 44, 276-281, 
283-289, 291, 293-295, 298 
and Federal agency use, 43, 289-290 
FOIA and, 290 
GLPs and, 293 
pound release laws and, 318 
