ETHICALLY IMPOSSIBLE” STD Research in Guatemala from 1946-1948 
M any of the key investigators involved in this case continued to work in 
medical research and clinical care after the experiments ended. Dr. 
Cutler continued his career with PHS through the 1950s and much of the 
1960s, during which time he held several positions of note. During his time 
working in the PHS Venereal Disease Division from 1951 to 1954, Dr. Cutler, 
along with Dr. Sidney Olansky, became a lead researcher for the ongoing PHS 
study of syphilis among rural African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama. 642 
In 1955, as Acting Chief of the PHS Venereal Disease Division, Dr. Cutler 
supervised a syphilis study that used prisoner subjects at Sing Sing State 
Prison in New York. 643 In 1961, Dr. Cutler became Assistant Director and 
later Deputy Director of PASB. 644 
In 1967, Dr. Cutler retired from PHS and joined the faculty at the Univer- 
sity of Pittsburgh, where in 1968 and 1969, he served as the Acting Dean of 
the Graduate School of Public Health. 645 While at Pittsburgh, he remained 
engaged in research concerning the prophylaxis of STDs. Dr. Cutler received 
a contract from the U.S. Agency for International Development in 1970 to 
study the use of a vaginal contraceptive, Conceptrol Cream, as a prophylaxis 
against gonorrhea. 646 Although early versions of the proposal called for clin- 
ical studies outside the United States in countries such as Jamaica, Taiwan, 
and Guatemala, the award was granted only for a local field trial in Allegheny 
County, Pennsylvania. 647 Dr. Cutler died on February 8, 2003. 648 
Dr. Richard Arnold remained with VRDL until 1951, when he became 
Chief of Technical Services at the National Heart Institute within NIH. 649 
In 1959, Dr. Arnold rose to the position of PHS Assistant Surgeon General 
for Personnel and Training. 650 He retired from PHS in 1963 and joined 
the Missouri State Health Department, where he later became the Medical 
Director for the Missouri Crippled Children’s Service. 651 Dr. Arnold died on 
October 17, 1992. 652 
Dr. Juan Funes remained Chief of the Venereal Disease Section of the Guate- 
malan Department of Health. 653 He also remained a special consultant of the 
Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. PHS from 1948 to 1956. 654 By 1950 
Dr. Funes had become Vice-Chairman of the WHO Syphilis Study Commis- 
sion. 655 In 1954, he became Chief of the National Anti-Venereal Campaign 
of Guatemala. 656 
88 
