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James B. Donovan to Irvin Stewart. (1943, February 17). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NARA-n_0000221. 
Ibid. 
Ibid. 
Joseph E. Moore to James V. Bennett. (1943, February 18). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NARA-H 0000156. 
Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, NARA-II_0000155. 
James V. Bennett to Joseph E. Moore. (1943, February 26). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NARA-n_0000188. 
Ibid. It was not uncommon to offer pardons or reduced sentences to prisoners participating in human 
experiments in prisons in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. Harkness, J.M., op cit., 
pp. 14-72. 
James V. Bennett to Joseph E. Moore. (1943, February 26). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NARA-n_ 0000188 . 
Ibid. 
Ibid. 
Frank B. Jewett and Ross G. Harrison to Vannevar Bush. (1943, March 5). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI 
Archives, NARA-II 0000190. 
Ibid. The designation of “personal opinion” in an “official capacity” is ambiguous, and no further 
explanation is contained in the available records. 
Ibid. 
Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, NARA-II_0000190-192. 
On March 6, 1943, a note on a memorandum of a conversation with Joseph E. Moore states “Dr. Bush read 
this and approves. The V. D. prophylaxis studies can go ahead. . .” Unsigned conversation of March 5, 1943, 
with Joseph E. Moore. (1943, March 6). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, NARA-II_0000146. 
Ibid. 
Ibid. 
R.A. Vonderlehr to F.M. King. (1943, February 24). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NLM 0000716. 
Dr. Bush may have felt also that research conducted directly by the U.S. government would face less 
public scrutiny. Unsigned conversation of March 5, 1943, with Joseph E. Moore. (1943, March 6). 
Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, NARA-II 0000146-47. See also letter from Joseph E. Moore 
to Thomas Parran, reproduced in Minutes of a Conference on Human Experimentation in Gonorrhea 
Held under the Auspices of the Subcommittee on Venereal Diseases. (1943, March 12). PCSBI HSPI 
Archives, NAS 0002328-36. These minutes show some internal conflict as Dr. Parran, the PHS Surgeon 
General, disfavored the proposal initially. He noted that PHS was not technically responsible for the care of 
federal prisoners. PHS provided personnel to the Bureau of Prisons so it could staff its medical facilities, 
and PHS was “responsible only for the professional competence of the personnel and the standards of 
professional care in the prisons.” Memorandum from Thomas Parran to R.A. Vonderlehr. (1943, March 11). 
Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, NAS 0002342. Dr. Parran’s concern appears to have resolved, 
however, since these materials show that Dr. Vonderlehr subsequently offered substantial support for the 
project. 
R.A. Vonderlehr to J.F. Mahoney. (1943, April 15). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
NLM 0000712. 
Ibid. 
Parascandola, J. (2001). Op cit., p. 7. 
Ibid. U.S. Marine Hospitals were operated throughout the country by the PHS. The Marine Hospital 
Service, which traces its roots back to a 1798 law, was organized as a national organization in 1870. 
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