ENDNOTES 
X 
185 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0001279. This was briefly mentioned in a paper presented by Dr. 
Paul D. Rosahn of Yale University at a meeting of Penicillin Investigators, sponsored by PHS and NRC 
February 7-8, 1946. Drs. J.E. Moore and J.H. Stokes, who presided over the meeting, also addressed the 
question during the general discussion portion of the meeting on the morning of February 7. National 
Research Council - U.S. Public Health Service. (1946). Transcript: Meeting of Penicillin Investigators, 
National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C. 
186 John Cutler. (1952, October 29). Experimental Studies in Gonorrhea. Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001279. 
187 Mahoney, J.F. (1947, July). Some significant aspects of venereal disease research: Work of the Venereal 
Disease Research Laboratory, Staten Island, N.Y. Journal of Venereal Disease Information 28(7):129. 
188 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000640. 
189 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000639-40. Dr. Funes visited the VDRL under the auspices of the 
Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA). The United States created OIAA in 1941 to develop commercial 
and cultural relations betw een North and South America. The OLAA’s name was changed in 1945 to 
“Coordinator of Inter American Affairs.” Official Personnel Folder: Juan M. Funes, “Special Consultant 
Appointment Recommendation.” (1948, December 10). PCSBI HSPI Archives, NPRC 0000807; John 
Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000639-40; National 
Archives. (1945). Executive Orders Disposition Tables: Franklin D. Roosevelt- 1945. Available at http:// 
www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1945-roosevelt.html (accessed May 16, 2011); National 
Archives, (n.d.). Records of the Office of Inter- American Affairs. Available at http://www.archives.gov/ 
research/holocaust/finding-aid/civilian/rg-229.html (accessed May 16, 2011). 
190 John Cutler (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000639-40. 
191 There are many scientific terms required to describe the experiments in Guatemala. Please see the 
Glossary of Key Terms at the end of the report for further detail. 
192 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000643. 
193 John Cutler. (1952, October 29). Experimental Studies in Gonorrhea. Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001279; John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0000640. The researchers categorized sexual intercourse as “normal exposure” to STDs. Dr. 
Mahoney had long advocated that best practice in syphilis research, at least in rabbits, would “require []” 
the intact maintenance of the exposed penile membrane to preserve “whatever mechanical or biological 
defense mechanisms may be inherent thereto.” See Mahoney, J. F. (1936). An experimental resurvey of the 
basic factors concerned in prophylaxis in syphilis. The Military Surgeon 352-53. This approach stood in 
contrast to the use of “scarification” of the membrane to cause infection (that Dr. Cutler later employed) 
as such method “permits an unnatural freedom of ingress for the organism.” Ibid. Discussing animal 
inoculation in preparation for the Terre Haute study, Dr. Mahoney again argued that the most favorable 
method of inoculation was that which most closely “simulated the method of inoculation in human beings 
exposed by sexual intercourse, i.e., the simple contact of an emulsion of T. pallidum with an unbroken 
mucous surface.” Moore, J.E. (1942, March 23). Memorandum: Conference on Chemical Prophylaxis of 
Venereal Diseases. PCSBI HSPI Archives, NAS 0003411. Dr. Mahoney also reiterated the sentiment that 
scarification and artificial implementation were “drastic. . .[and] beyond the range of natural transmission” 
in a letter to Dr. Cutler in 1947. John Mahoney to John Cutler. (1947, September 8). Correspondence. 
PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0001234. Despite his supervisor Mahoney’s stated preferences, Dr. Cutler 
would defend his scarification and other techniques beyond sexual intercourse when inducing infection 
through sexual intercourse in Guatemala proved difficult. John Cutler to John Mahoney. (1947, September 
18). PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0001231. 
194 The Office was established by Executive Order in July 1941 to promote “the spirit of cooperation between 
the Americas in the interest of Hemisphere defense.” Executive Order 8840, July 30, 1941. 
195 Vought, R.L. (1946). The administration of an Inter-American Cooperative Health Program. Public Ad- 
ministration Review 6(1):49; Silva-Lizama, E. (2000). History of dermatology in Guatemala. International 
Journal of Dermatology 39(4):305-311. That hospital, called Roosevelt Hospital (after President Franklin 
D. Roosevelt) continues to serve as one of two major public hospitals providing free care in the country. 
Additionally, the presence of the U.S. military base in Guatemala provided Dr. Cutler and the researchers 
with supplies and equipment through their Army Transport Service and Army Post Office. John Cutler to 
171 
