ENDNOTES 
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504 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000933. 
“Challenge methods” is a term used to describe intentional infection studies. Which involve deliberately 
inducing infection in order to study preventative measures and disease pathogenesis. Though 
controversial, challenge experiments are still conducted today. Some ethicists have argued that they 
are not necessarily unethical and that they may be ethically justified when conducted by competent 
investigators and according to scientifically sound protocols that incorporate safeguards to ensure the 
safety of volunteers. Miller, F.G., Grady, C. (2001). The ethical challenge of infection-inducing challenge 
experiments. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33(7):1028-1033. 
505 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Sy philis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000701. 
306 John Cutler. (1952, October 29). Experimental Studies in Gonorrhea. Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001290. 
507 John Cutler to Richard Arnold. (1947, September 16). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001230. 
508 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000727. 
509 John Cutler to Richard Arnold. (1947, September 16). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001230. 
510 John Cutler to John Mahoney. (1947, September 18). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001228. 
511 John Cutler. (1989, June). Stemming the AIDS epidemic: Draw ing on past experience with VD control. 
Consultant 26(6):62-63. 
512 Ibid. 
513 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000705. 
514 John Cutler to John Mahoney. (1947, September 18). Correspondence. PCSBI HSPI Archives, 
CTLR 0001228. 
515 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000734. 
516 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000680. 
517 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000763. 
518 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000680. 
519 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000712. 
520 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000729. In other words, Dr. Cutler decided that instead of allowing 
the time necessary for future experiments to build on know ledge gained from the first experiments, the 
researchers should assume results based on incomplete data and move forward with new experiments 
nonetheless. 
521 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Syphilis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000728. 
522 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000681. 
523 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000705. 
524 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000836. 
525 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000669. 
526 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000732. 
527 Ibid, PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR_0000681. 
528 Medline, (n.d.). Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection. Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/ 
ency/article/003428.htm (accessed May 11, 2011). Damage to the brain stem can cause loss of control over 
autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, and heartbeat, and a mishap would result in death. The 
University Hospital, (n.d.). Anatomy of the Brain. Available at http://www.theuniversity hospital.com/ 
stroke/anatomy.htm (accessed May 11, 2011). 
529 John Cutler. (1955, February 24). Final Sy philis Report. PCSBI HSPI Archives, CTLR 0000669. 
191 
