STRATIGRAPHICAL SPmiES 
underneatli this, till it came to the sandstones of the Coal Gallery XI. 
IMeasures, of which cores from deptlis of 1262 feet and 
2234 feet are here exliibited, as well as a piece of coal from Between 
2039 feet. At Ware, in Hertfordshire, a boring through the 
Chalk brought up from a depth of 825 feet the core oi‘ 
A\^enlock Shale here sliowu. At the far end of the Callery 
are cores of Carboniferous Limestone obtained beneath the 
Lower Jurassic rocks close to Northampton, from depths of 
805 to 828 feet. We learn from these borings that the rocks 
found on the surface in the western and north-western parts 
of England, pass beneath other rocks and stretch under tlie 
south-east of England and presumably under the sea until 
they come again to the surface in Belgium and the north-east 
of France. Tims we have proof quite easy to understand 
that in this country the older rocks pass generally from 
north-west to south-east under newer ones, as shown in the 
long section at the top of the Wall-cases. 
Among the specimens selected in illustration of the Wall-ease 
various beds are many containing the remains of animals !• 
or of plants. Thus, the very first specimen at the top left- 
hand corner of Case 1 contains fragments of bone embedded 
in a stalagmitic deposit which formed on the floor of Brixham 
Cave ; and this indicates that the animals to which the bones 
belonged lived, or at lefist died, in the cave, where their 
remains were gradually covered by the limy deposit. Close 
by is a piece of an old beach from Brighton, in which is 
embedded part of a horse’s leg-bone. Below these are other 
specimens of beach-deposits, in which may be seen the 
remains of shells. Lower down in the Case are rocks of 
more sandy nature, such as are now being formed off shore, 
and in them also may be seen shells, as well as the remains 
of other marine animals and plants. These either lived at 
the bottom of the sea or sank to it when dead, and were then 
gradually covered by sand or clay produced by the wearing 
of the land and deposited on the sea-floor. All such remains 
or ti'aces of animals and plants found in the rocks are called 
fossils. 
Although the specimens e.xhibited in this series are not 
intended to give anything like a complete idea of the animals 
living in former periods of the earth’s history, still as the 
visitor passes down the Gallery, he will readily observe that 
the fossils contained in the fragments of rock gradually 
change in character. Those in the first Case ai’e, as has 
been seen, similar to animals living at the pre.sent day ; but 
