108 GUIDE TO THE FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS. 
Gallery Lake Constance, and the Brown Coal of Bott near Bonn, 
vTii^case Pliocene, all furnish their quota. The Indusial Lime- 
12*B. stone of Lower IMiocene age from Offenbach is composed of 
tlie cast-off cases of caddis-worms, Phryganea. !Many insects 
also come from the IMiocene deposits of Radoboj in Croatia, 
and among these a {Gryllcicris Ungeri) is preserved in 
a most life-like attitude. Other Miocene insects are seen in 
amber cast up on the shores of the Baltic, just as they are 
preserved in tlie hardened gums of later age from Zanzibar 
and elsewhere. 
Further information may be obtained from “ The Fossil 
Insects of North America,” by S. H. Scudder (New York, 
1890), and from the handbook by A. Handlirsch, “ Die 
Fossilen Insecten” (Leipzig, 1900-07). 
BRACTIIOPODA. 
Gallery 
VIII. 
East Side. 
Wall-cases 
10 & 11 . 
Table-cases 
17-19. 
[Also 
Gallery XI. 
Table-cases 
10 & 13-16.] 
Following on the Arthropoda, are exhibited the com- 
monest of all fossils, the Brachiopods or Lamp-shells. The 
important specimens contained in the Davidson and 
Sowerby Collections have already been noticed. (See 
pp. 9, 10.) 
The Brachiopoda are animals that live in the sea, and 
have a soft bo(ly enclosed in an external shell with two 
valves (Fig. 55). They thus look something like bivalve 
Fig. 55. — Shell of a common Silurian Bracliioiiod, Airyjia rcticnlans. a, 
ventral or peduncular valve; b, dorFal or brachial valve. Shows 
bilateral symmetry, and slightly greater size of ventral valve. 
Mollusca ; but both thej^shell and the soft parts have really 
a very different structure from those of the Mollusca. So 
much of the anatomy of the Brachiopoda as is important to 
the student of fossils, is illustrated by the large colouied 
diagrams in the wall-cases. 
Wall-cases The two valves of the shell lie on the back and front ot 
10 & 11. the animal, not on its sides as in bivalve molluscs. Lach 
