PTHAMEIS. 251 
Pyrameis cardui. 
Papilio cardui, LiiinseuSj Syst. Nat. x. p. 475 (1758) ; Espcr, Sclimctt. i. ])t. 1, ])1. x. 
fifT. 3 (1777) ; Hubiicr, Eur. Schmctt. i. figs. 73, 74 (1793 >). 
I'ancKsit cardui, Ilubucr, Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 33(181(5); Lang, Butt. Eur. p. 17, 
pi. .\lii. fig. 2 (1884) ; Piycr, Rhop. Nihon. p. 2G, pi. vii. fig. 2 (188!)). 
Pijranitis cardui, Ilorsfiulrl & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. ]). 138, pi. v. fig. 3 (larva), 
3ff (pupa) (1857) ; Lep. Ccyl. i. p. 50, pi. xxvii. figs. 1 (imago), 1 a (larva and 
puiia) (1881) ; de Nice'ville, Butt. lud. ii. p. 227 (188()). 
Pa/ji/io carduelis, Cramer, Pap. E\ot. i. pi. xxvi. figs. E, F (1775). 
" .)/((/(■ and finudc. Upporsido : both wings oclircous red. Fore wing with the basal area oclireous 
brown ; an oblique irregular-shaped angular band, the apical area and exterior border black ; 
before the apex is a short white oblique band and a curved series of four spots ; a pale 
marginal line ; interspace at end of cell whitish in the female. Hind wing with the basal 
area, a confluent discal fascia, and the costal border ochreous brown ; a transverse discal row of 
five black spots, each spot with slightly paler outer ring, a submarginal row of lunular spots, 
and a marginal row of larger spots." {JIuore, I. c.) " Underside : fore wing much as above, 
but the basal area more decidedly red and the apex and outer margin ochreous, some addi- 
tional black spots in the cell placed just below the subcostal nervure. Hind wing ochreous, 
richly spotted and marbled with deeper shades of ochreous aud brown. An oval spot across 
the middle of the coll, the five round discal spots as above, but developed into ocelli, the 
second aud fifth the largest, with blue centres and black outer ring." (de 2\iceviUe, I. c.) 
" Larva blackish brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side; the segments 
armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Ariemesia. 
" P((j)a tuberculate, head bluutly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with yellow." 
{Moore, I. c.) 
Newman (' British Butterflies,' p. 65) describes the larva as follows : — 
" The colour of the head is duU black ; the dorsal surface of the body is black ; the spines paler, 
with black tips and branches ; the hairs are white ; the skinfold separating the dorsal and 
ventral surface is yellow ; the ventral surface, legs, and claspers are pitchy red ; the spiracles 
above the skinfold are pale in the middle, then surrounded with black, then again with paler. 
In many individuals the dorsal surface is irrorated with yellowish-white dots, which are more 
conspicuously collected in a double series along the back, interrupted by a narrow medio- 
dorsal strijje intensely black ; in these examples the bidbous base of each spine is pitchy red." 
The larva in Eiu'ope feeds on the common field-thistle and other species of 
Carduus, also on Ilalva syhestris, Onopordon accnithinm, and flowers of 
Echiwn vulgare. 
A more detailed description of the earlier stages of P. cardui will be found 
in Buckler's ' Larvte of British Butterflies,' i. pp. 49, 174. 
A cosmopolitan insect. It is common throughout the region dealt with in 
the present work. 
2l 
