VANESSA. 261 
norvule, tho discoccUiilars defined with two fine black linos, a prominent series of blue lunules 
on the black [margin within the ochroons lines. Underside ochrcous, dcnscl}^ striated with 
brown and black, the basal halt' and outer margins of the wings mnch darker. Both above 
and below this species is densely hair)-, more so than any other Indian species of Butterfly 
known to me." (de Niceville, I. c.) 
"Larva. Black, with white dots, yellowish- white dorsal and lateral stripes, tho spines black. 
Gregarious on various kinds of ISaUx in June." {Lang, I. c). I found larvaj, pupoe, and 
imagines in theGoorais Valley, Kashmir, in September; tho larva) were feeding on willow, 
and the i upa" were suspended from twigs. 
Pryer states that F. aanfJwvielas is " very abundant about Yokoliama. It 
feeds on willows, but is more often found on the Celtis, large trees being 
frequently completely strii)ped of leaves by the larvse. Only one brood 
appears during the year, and the perfect insect hybcrnates." 
Oberthiir says the species is plentiful in tlie Isle of Askold (Etud. d'Entom. 
V. p. 15). 
Common throughout Japan and the Corea. It is rather plentiful at Ichang 
and Chang-yang in Central China, but does not appear to occur in Western 
China. In Amurland it has been found in most places visited by collectors. 
It appears to be a rare species in India, and its range is restricted to the 
Western Himalayas. Lang says that the species is "confined to the eastern 
parts of Europe, including Germany, the North-east of Switzerland, Hungary, 
and Central Eussia to 60°." 
I am quite of Mr. de Niceville's opinion that there are no satisfactoiy 
characters by -whicli this species can be specifically separated from V. poly- 
chloros. Dr. Staudinger also appears to hold the same view (Hor. Soc. Ent. 
Ross, xiv, pp. 263, 264, 1878). 
Vanessa van-album. 
PapUlo vau-album, Wieu. Verz. ]). 17G (177G) ; v-albinn, Fal)ricius, ^lant. lus. ii. p. 50 
(1787) ; Hubuer, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 83, 84 (1793 ?). 
Vanessa v-album, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 306 (1819); Laiig, Butt. Eur. p. 172, 
pi. xl. fig. 2 (188J) ; de Niceville, Butt. lud. ii. p. 23G (1886); Pryer, Rhop. 
Nihon. p. 25, pi. vi. fig. 9 (1888). 
Papilio l-album, Esper, Scbmett. i. pt. 2, pi. Ixii. figs. 3«, 6 (1780). 
"Male and female. Upperside : both wings deep fulvous. Fore wing -with a black constricted spot 
across the middle of the cell, a large quadrate spot at its end, reaching from the costa to the 
third median nervule, with a pale yellow diffused costal patch on each side of it, tho apex 
broadly black, having a pure white costal spot divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal 
nervules, a round black spot in tho second median interspace, two black spots oaeh in the 
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