GHAPTA. 265 
border broadly and irregularly black, intersected by six broad subconfluent lunated tawny 
spots; outer margin irroratcd with tawny; bases of the wings, abdominal border of 
secondaries, and body as in the allied species; wings below extremely like V. sahjrus, hut 
piiler, and with the bands less strongly defined: the silver 6' shorter, and, therefore, less like 
a G. Expanse of wings '2 inches 3 lines. — Tokei [Tokio], Japan." (lialler, Cintiila Entom.) 
Var. lunigeraj Butler. " Allied to V. fenioid, but altogether duller in colour ; the black spots 
above considerably larger ; the lunate subconfluent spots on the external area of secondaries 
replaced by a series of small lunules : under surface with all the bands considerably darker 
and broader, the silvery-white J-shaped marking on the secondaries replaced by a J -shaped 
character. Expanse of wing '2 inches .^ lines. — N. Iburi, Yesso, July {coJL M. Fenton). 
" This species has the costal margin of the primaries more jjroduced, and the apical area distinctly 
narrower than in V.fentoni; it differs from the latter in pattern and coloration much as 
V. fciuiius of North America does from V. sati/nis." (Butler, P. Z. S.) 
■^ ar. tibetana, Elwes. " This variety may be distinguished by the bright reddish colour of the 
wings above and the absence of any yellowish spots on the dark border of the hind wing, 
which arc seen in all my North-western [Himalayan] and Turkestan specimens. On the 
underside there are two types of coloration, the mottled one with complete c-mark, and the 
dull brownish one with straight oi- imperfect c-mark, both of which are seen in European 
c-(ilJnim." (Elwes, 1. c.) 
Yar. extensa var. nov. (Plate XXY. fig. 5, $ .) Larger than hinlgera, Butler; the black 
markings are similar in arrangement, but the spots in the disooidal cell are smaller and well 
Separated from each other : the secondaries have the basal portion and abdominal fold dusky 
grey, the latter edged with long fulvous hairs ; aU the black markings are narrower than in 
luiiiffera, and those on the outer marginal area are ill-defined. Under surface as in lunigera, 
but less mottled with darker colour, and the silver mark is very narrow. The female is 
rather paler than the male, and the black markings on costa and outer margin are partly 
effaced. Expanse, tS G6 millim., $ 70 millim. 
G. c-alhim is common in mountain districts of Central Japan and in Yesso, 
and is as variable in Japan as in Europe. Mr. Butler has described three 
forms, and Piyer, in his ' Rhopalocera Nihonica,' figures two of them, 
viz., hamigera (pi. vi. fig. 6 a) and lunigera (pi. vi. fig. 6 b). I took the 
lunigera form in Japan from June to August, but only met with hamigera in 
October. 
The Chinese form, wliich I ha\e described as var. extensa, occurs in June 
and July at Kiukiang. The specimens taken in July at Ta-chien-lu agi-ee 
with var. tihetana, Elwes. Dr. Staudinger states that G. c-album is found 
tltroughout Amurland, but is nowhere common ; he adds that the species is 
as variable there as it is in Europe, and that one example among the 
specimens which he received is referable to var. inter])Osita, Stand., a form 
of G. e-alhum from Central Asia. Fixsen says that Corean specimens are 
lar"-er and more firej'-colourod tlian tliose from Europe. 
