being placed with a peer, they can be provided with a variety of cloth or other surrogates 
(depending upon experimental issues) in their cage. Physiological development appears to 
proceed normally in surrogate-reared infants (Reite et al., 1978). They will evidence an 
apparent strong attachment to their surrogate and will protest vigorously if separated from it, 
but the physiological consequences of separation from the surrogate are minimal and are not 
as profound as the consequences of peer or maternal separation (Reite et al., 1989). If 
provided human contact, they will also form close bonds with their human caretakers, which 
must be under experimental control. In the absence of appropriate social experience, these 
animals will develop highly species-atypical social repertoires, effectively precluding their later 
integration into social groups. This fact must be considered in planning for the animals 
following their completion of nonterminal experimental paradigms. Rhesus monkeys have 
been raised with other species, such as mongrel dogs, and in this environment have been 
shown to develop more species-typical social behavior. Thus social experience need not be 
with a conspecific, although social behavioral development may be skewed (Mason and 
Kenney, 1974; Woolverton et al., 1989). 
ALTERATIONS IN PARENTING BEHAVIOR 
Modifications (usually deficiencies) in parenting behavior can be unwanted by-products of 
other social or behavioral interventions, or they may be the primary subject of research. 
Primates raised in social isolation or deprivation maybe poor parents (Reite, 1987; 
Woolverton et al., 1989). Similarly, animals subject to crowding or lack of social support may 
exhibit abuse of their own infants. ■ 
REFERENCES 
Bayne, K., and Novak, M. (1998). Behavioral disorders. In T.B. Bennett, C.R. Albee, and R. 
Henrickson (Eds.), Nonhuman primates in biomedical research: Diseases (pp. 485-500). New 
York, NY: Academic Press. 
Boccia, M.L., Reite, M., Kaemingk, K., Held, P., and Laudenslager, M. (1989). Behavioral and 
autonomic responses to peer separation in pigtail macaque monkey infants. Developmental 
Psychobiology, 22,447-461. 
Dolhinow, P. (1980). An experimental study of mother loss in the Indian langur monkey 
(Presbytis entellus). Folia Primatologica (Basel), 33, 77-128. 
Evans, H.L., Taylor, J.D., Ernst, J., and Graefe, J.F. (1989). Methods to evaluate the welfare of 
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