injury in the prey. For example, prey recognition must occur before the predatory sequence is 
fully initiated. In many cases, it is not necessary to use live prey for studying this facet of 
predation. This strategy cannot be used when movement of the prey is necessary both for 
recognition and for predatory behavior. Although injury is a primary concern for prey, it 
should also be noted that prey animals may harm predators. 
One should consider limits on the number of times an animal serves as a prey based on 
changes in stimulus behavior or signs of accumulating stress. Furthermore, prey that are 
wild-caught generally have more experience with predators than laboratory animals and may 
provide a more accurate portrayal of the true sequence of events. Using a laboratory mouse 
rather than a field mouse as prey for a carnivore, for example, may not generate a true-to-life 
rendition of the escape strategies employed by the prey and the counterstrategies used by the 
predator. Similar arguments can be advanced for the predator. ■ 
REFERENCES 
Ad Hoc Committee on Acceptable Field Methods in Mammalogy. (1987). Acceptable Field 
methods in mammalogy. Journal of Mammalogy, 68(Supplement), 1-18. 
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists and the American Institute of Fisheries 
Research Biologists. (1987). Guidelines for the use offishes in field research. In C. Hubbs, 
J.G. Nickum, and J.R. Hunter (Eds.). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Ichthyologists and 
Herpetologists. 
American Ornithologists Union, Cooper Ornithological Society, Wilson Ornithological Society. 
(1988). Report of Ad Hoc Committee on the Use of Wild Birds in Research. Auk, 105(Suppl 
1), 1A-41A. 
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, The Herpetologists League, and Society 
for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. (1987). Guidelines for the use of live amphibians 
and reptiles in feld research. Lawrence, KS: American Society of Ichthyologists and 
Herpetologists. 
Animal Behaviour Society. (1986). Animal care guidelines. Animal Behaviour, 34, 315-318. 
Gibbon, E.F. (Ed.). (1994). Naturalistic environments in captivity for animal behavior 
research. New York: State University of New York Press. 
Institute for Laboratory Animal Research.(1998). The psychological welfare of nonhuman 
primates. (National Research Council). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 
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