342 
LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 
and the pretty, rural, gabled cottage, of more humble pre* 
tensions ; are all varieties of this multiform style, easily 
adapting itself to the comforts and conveniences of private 
life. 
Contrasted with Classic Architecture and its varieties, 
in which horizontal lines are most prevalent, all the differ- 
ent Gothic modes or styles exhibit a preponderance of 
vertical or perpendicular lines. In the purer Gothic 
Architecture, the style is often determined by the form of 
the arch predominant in the window and door openings, 
which in all edifices (except Norman buildings) were lancet- 
shaped, or high pointed, in the 13th century ; four centred 
or low arched, in the times of Henry VII. and VIII. ; ana 
finally square-headed, as in most domestic buildings of 
later date. 
Castellated Gothic is easily known, at first sight, by the 
line of battlements cut out of the solid parapet wall, which 
surmounts the outline of the building in every part. These 
generally conceal the roof, which is low, and were origin- 
ally intended as a shelter to those engaged in defending the 
building against assaults. 
Modern buildings in the 
castellated style, without 
sacrificing almost every- 
thing to strength, as was 
once necessary, preserve 
■the general character of 
„ , „ . . the ancient castle, while 
[Fig. 47. The Castellated Mode.J 
they combine with it almost every modern luxury. In 
their exteriors, we perceive strong and massive octagonal 
or circular towers, rising boldly, with corbelled or project- 
ing cornices, above the ordinary level of the building. The 
4 . 
