406 
LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 
perpetual spring, can be commanded, the Hydraulic Ram 
is the most perfect as well as the simplest and cheapest 
of all modes of raising water. A supply pipe of an inch 
in diameter is in many cases sufficient to work the Ram 
and force water to a great distance ; and where sufficient 
to fill a “driving pipe” of two inches diameter can be 
commanded, a large reservoir may be kept constantly 
filled. As the Hydraulic Ram is now for sale in all our 
cities we need not explain its action. 
“ In conducting the water from the cistern or reservoir 
to the jet or fountain, the following particulars require to 
be attended to : In the first place, all the pipes must be 
laid sufficiently deep in the earth, or otherwise placed and 
protected so as to prevent the possibility of their being 
reached by frost ; next, as a general rule, the diameter of 
the orifice from which the jet of water proceeds, tech- 
nically called the bore of the quill, ought to be four times 
less than the bore of the conduit pipe ; that is, the quill 
and the pipe ought to be in a quadruple proportion to 
each other. There are several sorts of quills or spouts, 
which throw the water up or down, into a variety of 
forms : such as fans, parasols, sheaves, showers, mushrooms, 
inverted bells, etc. The larger the conduit pipes are, the 
more freely will the jets display their different forms ; and 
the fewer the holes in the quill or jet (for sometimes this is 
pierced like the rose of a watering pot) the greater 
certainty there will be of the form continuing the same; 
because the risk of any of the holes choking up will be 
less. The diameter of a conduit pipe ought in no case 
to be less than one inch ; but for jets of very large size, 
the diameter ought to be two inches. Where the conduit 
pipes are of great length, say upwards of 1000 feet, it is 
