APPENDIX. 
415 
performed. The leaf is in reality a natural contrivance for exposing a 
large surface to the influence of external agents, by whose assistance 
the crude sap contained in the stem is altered, and rendered suitable to 
the particular wants of the species, and for returning into the general 
circulation, the fluids in their matured condition. In a word, the leaf 
of a plant is its lungs and stomach traversed by a system of veins.”* 
All the pruning, therefore, that is necessary, when a tree is properly 
transplanted, will be comprised in paring smooth all bruises or acci- 
dental injuries, received by the roots or branches during the operation, 
or the removal of a few that may interfere with elegance of form in the 
head. 
Next in importance to the requisite care in performing the operation 
of transplanting, is the proper choice of individual trees to he transplanted. 
In making selections for removal among our fine forest trees, it should 
never be forgotten that there are two distinct kinds of subjects, even 
of the same species of every tree, viz. those that grow among and 
surrounded by other trees or woods, and those which grow alone, in 
free open exposures, where they are acted upon by the winds, storms, 
and sunshine, at all times and seasons. The former class it will always 
be exceedingly difficult to transplant successfully even with the 
greatest care, whiie the latter may always be removed with compara- 
tively little risk of failure. 
Any one who is at all familiar with the growth of trees in woods or 
groves somewhat dense, is also aware of the great difference in the 
external appearance between such trees and those which stand singly 
in open spaces. In thick woods, trees are found to have tall, slendei 
trunks, with comparatively few branches except at the top, smooth and 
thin bark, and they are scantily provided with roots, but especially with 
the small fibres so essentially necessary to insure the growth of the tree 
when transplanted. Those, on the other hand, which stand isolated, 
have short* thick stems, numerous branches, thick bark, and great 
abundance of root and small fibres. The latter, accustomed to the 
full influence of the weather, to cold winds as well as open sunshine 
have what Sir Henry Steuart has aptly denominated the “ protecting 
properties ,” well developed ; being robust and hardy, they are well cab 
* Theory of Horticulture. 
