77 
1966] Carpenter — Protorthoptera and Orthoptera 
anal area. Microtrichia and setae absent. Hind wing and body un- 
known. 
This family is probably related to the Ischnoneuridae and Proto- 
kollaridae. The very base of the wing is known; a precostal area 
may have been present. The wing is made distinctive by the ex- 
tensive development of the radius and the parallel arrangement of 
the branches of Rs and M. The basic structure Cu is different from 
that of the Oedischiidae and related groups in that all the branches 
of Rs are markedly convex, without the basal concave vein present in 
the Oedischiidae and the Carcurgidae. The stem of M is flat and 
very weak, not strong and convex as in the Blattinopsidae. 
Genus Tococladus, new genus 
Fore wing: slender, costal area moderately narrow; Sc ending on 
Ri, with numerous oblique veinlets; Rs remote from Ri near mid- 
wing but approaching it distally; anterior branch of M forked 
shortly after origin of Rs, its branches long and simple ; several anal 
veins or main branches. 
Type-species: Tococladus rallus , n. sp. 
Tococladus rallus, n. sp. 
Text-figure 14 
Fore wing: length, 24 mm.; width, 7 mm. Rs with six branches; 
front branch of M coalesced with Rs for a short distance before 
diverging posteriorly (possibly an individual fluctuation) ; iA ap- 
parently with three long branches; cross veins widely spaced over 
most of wing. 
Holotype: No. 5866ab, Museum of Comparative Zoology, collected 
in the lower layer of the Elmo limestone by F. M. Carpenter. This 
consists of a complete fore wing, well preserved but lacking the 
very base. The wing, which is preserved with fine wrinkles, was 
apparently thin and membranous, not coriaceous. 
Order Orthoptera 
The Palaeozoic families Oedischiidae, Tcholmanvisiidae and Per- 
melcanidae are now generally regarded as orthopterous, rather than 
provorthopterous, this view being based mainly on the saltatorial 
modification of the hind legs and the probable lateral flattening of 
the body. Of these, only the Oedischiidae are known from the Upper 
Carboniferous. These early Orthoptera are not extensively repre- 
