440 PAPILIONID.E. 
side yellower ; the hind wings have the discoidal spot pearly in the centre. The female is 
somewhat larger than the male, and of a lighter colour, being whitish, hut otherwise resem- 
bling it. Head and antenna; dull red ; body black, covered with white silky hairs ; legs 
light yellow. 
" Lama cylindrical, or rather slightly thicker in the middle segments than at the extremities ; it 
is of a dull apple-green, covered with minute excrescences, from each of which grows a minute 
white hair. A lateral white waved stripe runs through the whole length of the body. 
" Piqm bright green, pointed at both ends, thicker in the dorsal thoracic region, the wing-cases 
forming a considerable round-shaped projection ; the cephalic and thoracic parts are shaded 
with purplish brown. 
" Food-plants, Rhamnus frangula and R. catharticus. The eggs are laid by hibernated females in 
April ; the larva emerges early in May, and is full grown by the end of June, the imago 
appearing towards the end of July at the earliest." {Lawj, I. c.) 
A complete life-history of this species will be found in Buckler's ' Larvae of 
British Butterflies,' pp. 145-148, pi. i. 
Var. amintha, Blanchard* = var. ?)ia,rimaf, Butler. "The primaries well produced at apex as 
in G. aspasia ; the primaries of male not quite so deeply coloured as in that species, though 
much more so than in nejjahnsis ; the primaries a little deeper coloured than the secon- 
daries and with confluent red brown marginal spots (as in nepalensis), a character not found 
in G. astasia ; orange spot of secondaries nearly as large as in carnipennis ; costal area of 
primaries and whole of secondaries below greenish white ; female greenish white, uniformly 
coloured. Expanse of wings 78 millim. 
"d. Nikko; 2. N. China. 
" From nepalensisi; to which this species is most nearly allied, it differs in its decidedly darker 
primaries, its more falcate, more elongated, and altogether larger wings, and the (conse- 
quently) larger orange spots on the wings, also in the less sinuous outer margin of the 
secondaries ; from G. aspasia, to which most of these very characters prove its affinity, it 
differs in its slightly paler primaries and darker secondaries ; the brown edging to the wings 
and the distinct separation of the under surface into two colours, as in the G. rhamni group."' 
{Builer, I. c.) 
This species is common throughout Japan, Corea, and aU parts of China 
■vdsited by my collectors. It also occurs in the Loochoo Islands. 
Maxima is the usual form met Avith; but some of the specimens from 
"Western China are not distinguishable from examples of nepalensis from the 
North-west Himalayas in my collection, and others approach exceedingly 
* " Rhodocei-a amintha, d'un tiers plus grand que le RJiodocern rhamni, les ailes ayant les angles 
mediocres et une tache ceutrale faune tres-marquee." (Blanchard, 1. c.) 
t Nepalensis, Gray, is described by Butler (I. c.) as follows :—" Wings of both sexes with well- 
defined, partly confluent, marginal brown points ; upper surface of male gamboge-yellow, of female 
creamy white, hardly greenish, even on the secondaries; wings below with costal area of primaries 
and whole of secondaries whitish." 
