444 PAPILIOXID.E. 
more important diflference is that the secondaries are of the same coloiu- as 
the primaries, whereas in the type the secondaries are paler than the 
primaries. The Japanese specimens have dark yelloAV primaries, quite as 
dark in fact as those of G. rhamni, var. maxima. Pryer says that acuminata 
occurs in the mountains of Central Japan and on the plains of Yesso, and he 
mentions capturing freshly emerged specimens of both maxima and acuminata 
on Asama-Yama at the same time. I only met with acuminata in the. 
mountains of Japan. Herz records aspasia from Corea, and Alphcraky 
(Rom. sur Lep. v. p. 100) mentions it from the Province of Kansou, and 
remarks on the darker colour of the fore wings. 
Dr. Staudinger, who holds rhamni and aspasia to be distinct species, 
considers acuminata, Felder, to be a variety of the former. This determination 
is somewhat difficult to reconcile ^vith Felder's description of acuminata. 
Although I have retained aspasia here as a distinct species I am not at all 
satisfied that it is entitled to rank as such. I have received hundreds of 
specimens of both rhamni and aspasia from China and Japan, and in a series 
of over eighty examples which I selected for my collection I find that there is 
the same amount of colour variation in aspasia as in rhamni ; the angulation 
of the wings is subject to the same kind of modification in both ; the size of 
the orange discal spot is also variable. The only character by which I am 
able to separate rhamni from aspasia is that the veins on the under surface 
of secondaries are thicker in the former, but even this fails in specimens from 
Loochoo, and does not serve to distinguish some examples of aspasia, var. 
acuminata irom. rhamni, var. farinosa. No definite conclusions can, however, 
be anived at until we have a more complete knowledge of the earlier stages 
of aspasia and its forms. 
In the North-western Himalayas G. zaneka, Moore *, replaces aspasia, 
and is probably only a local race of that species ; it is distinguished by the 
scalloped outer margin of secondaries. 
Aspasia appears to be a mountain insect, whilst rhamni occurs in the 
valleys, occasionally wandering into the mountains. 
Graeser met with the larva of aspasia on Hhamnus davurica, but unfor- 
tunately did not describe it. 
* Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 493, pi. xxxi. fig. 18. 
