494 PAPILIONID.E. 
frontier. All these specimens differ from Himalayan examples in being 
clouded with dusky scales, the red markings are usually brighter and larger, 
and the females have a very glossy appearance. Oberthiir states that his 
male and female types were taken by Major Charlton in Chinese Tartary 
together with the types oi jacquemonti. Gray. 
Under the name cachemiriensis, Oberthiir describes and figures tv.'o speci- 
mens of P. epaphus which he received from a London dealer (these were 
probably some of my duplicates from N.W. Himalayas). He states that they 
differ from typical epaphus in the absence of the red basal spot on the upper 
surface of secondaries and in having small red spots, inclining to yellowish, 
on these wings. 
Epaphus is an exceedingly variable species, and I have specimens of both 
sexes in which there are no traces of red spots on upper surface of any of the 
wings ; other specimens have three Avell-defined red spots on each wing and 
all the gradations between these two extreme forms are represented. The 
central red spots are sometimes connected by a black streak, and in some 
examples all the spots are pure yellow instead of red, a character not 
infrequent in other species of the genus. The dark markings vaiy in size 
and definition and the fringes are invariably chequered. In expanse of wings 
the specimens range fi-om 52-72 millim., but the largest example of epaphus 
is smaller than Boisduval's type of P. jacquemonti . 
Var. sikkim(7}sis, Elwes, from Sikkim, is distinguished chiefly by its smaller 
size. 
The species being so variable I found it necessary to retain a series of 
118 specimens of those collected by myself in Baltistan and Kashmir in 
1887, and by Mr. McArthur in Ladak and neighbouring districts in 1889. 
So far as my experience is concerned I found that the insect was not often 
met with below 14,000 feet and its range extended up to 1 8,1 00 feet. It 
frequents grassy mountain-slopes and its flight is not very rapid. 
I have received specimens from the Kuktie, Ban-a-lacha, and Kardong 
Passes, Depsang, Chonging Valley, and the Karakoram, and from Kudok in 
Western Thibet. 
Poeta is only a slight local form of P. (paiihus. The male is somewhat 
more suffused with darker scales and the female is darker and more trans- 
parent than the same sex of P. epaphus, and usually the red spots are better 
developed. 
