PAPILIO. 517 
posticis costa brevioribus, in regiono anali multo magis porreotis, longius caudatis, maculis 
submarginalibus minus distinctis, macula anali a lunula atomaria caerulca optime separata, 
obscurius oolorata, fascia macular! nigra paginsa inferioris alarum posticarum multo latiore, 
distinctiore, lunulis atomariis cajruleis apud eas multo latioribus, in medium fere macularum 
nigrarum positis, extus multo minus ab atomis sulpbureis limitatis, fascia submarginali 
paginae inferioris increscento. Petiolus rami subcostalis quarti et quinti alarum anticarum 
longior quam in macliaoae et cellula discoidalis omnium alarum longior." {Fdder, I.e.) 
In Japan the specimens of P. machaon that appear on the wing earliest in 
the year are all of the typical form, but the succeeding broods produce the 
variety hipjjocrates referred to above. This form is distinguished by its 
greater size and longer tails. The male is of a deep yellow ground-colour, 
and the female is suffused with black, sometimes to a great extent ; the 
darkest examples of this form are found in Kiushiu, the southern island of 
The principal feature of var. asiatica, Menetries, seems to be the broad 
black band of secondaries which extends inwards as far as the discoidal cell, 
and the same character distinguishes var. sphynis, Hiibner, of which I have 
several European examples in my collection. A modification of this form 
also occurs in England. 
Chinese specimens of P. machaon do not exhibit such extreme divergence 
from the type as those from Japan. At a great elevation, however, in the 
mountainous districts of West China a short-tailed form (Plate XXXV. 
fig. 2 c? ) is found which closely approaches ladakensis, Moore *, from Ladak, 
but on the upper surface the black is deeper in tone ; on the under surface 
the yellow colour is richer, the venation more intensely black, and there is a 
general absence of red spots on the submarginal area of secondaries. In 
both the Western Chinese form and in P. ladakensis the length of the tail is 
* " Male. Distinguished from the N.W. Himalayan P. asintkus by the absence of the elongated 
tail on the hind wing, which in this form is reduced to a short point but little more acute than 
the anal angle. The fore wing is comparatively narrower, and the hind wing is less convex and 
with less acutely sinuous exterior margin. On the upperside the yellow is also of a paler tint : 
fore wing numerously covered with yellow scales between all the markings, the cell-bands are 
shorter transversely and broader, and the inner cell-band is regularly quadrate ; the discal bands 
also comparatively narrower and with more slender intervening black veins ; the marginal row of 
spots is broader, and the intervening transverse discal area is narrower : hind wing with the outer 
border of the yellow basal area excavated between the veins, the marginal spots shorter and some- 
what broader, the anal lobe- spot also smaller and broader. 
" Expanse 3| inches. 
" Uab. Tarhsam, Ladak. In coll. Indian lluseum, Calcutta." {Moore, I. c.) 
