520 PAPILIONID^. 
The early stages of P. podalirius are described by Lang as follows : — 
Larva. " Yellowish green, covered with red dots, with yellowish lines on the back and sides and 
with oblique streaks. In shape it is thick in the middle and tapering towards the extremities. 
Feeds on almond, sloe, plum, apple, pear, and oak in June and September." 
Pupa. " Light straw-colour, the wing-cases being browner." 
Distribution. North-Central and South-Central Europe, France, North Italy 
to Spain, South Russia, North Africa, Western Asia and the Altai {Lang), 
Western China. 
Papilio mandarinus. 
Papilio yli/cmoii, var. mandarinus, Obertliiir, Etucl. d'Eutom. iv. p. 115 (1879). 
Papilio paphus, dc Niceville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Iv. p. 254, pi. xi. fig. 6, (J 
(1886). 
" Male. Intermediate between P. cjlycenon, Gray, and P. iamei-lamis, Oberthiir. Differs from the 
former in being larger, the fore wing less profusely marked with black on the outer margin, 
both above and below, the hind wing having the disc crossed by a narrow black line, which 
is joined posteriorly to a continuous subbasal line, the wing-membrane between the discoidal 
ncrvule and the anal angle much broader. On the underside of the hind wing there is in 
P. 2}a2)Jms a series of six elongated streaks of the ground-colour divided by the nervules, 
from the costal nervure to the first median nervule outside the cell, these streaks being much 
shorter in P. gli/cerion, the ones in the costal, subcostal, and second median interspaces of 
that species being divided in the middle by a black bar into two spots, the anterior one in 
each instance being yellow, in P. paphus they are undivided and conoolorous with the ground 
throughout. It differs from P. tamerlanus on the upperside (no figure is given of the under- 
side of that species nor any detailed description) in having the two black bands at the end of 
the cell of the fore_ wing parallel and conjoined in the middle as in P. glycerion, the black 
bapds of the hind wing much less prominent. It is also a smaller insect, but agrees with it 
in the rounded apex of the fore wing, and the width of the wing-membrane at the anal angle 
of the hind wing. 
" Expanse cf 3 inches." {de Niceville, I. c.) 
Female. Usually larger and more transparent than the male, and the black markings are fainter. 
This sex is much rarer than the male, and has not been previously referred to. 
Under the impression that this species was the Chinese form of the Indian 
P. glycerion, Mr. Oberthiir described it as var. mandarinus. Glycerion does 
not, however, seem to occur in China, but is replaced in that country by a 
closely allied species which I have described as P. eurous. 
Mandarinus is an exceedingly common insect in Western China. It is 
also found in Sikkim, and the specimens from thence (paphus) do not differ 
in any important particular from the Chinese examples. 
