PAPILIO. 539 
In one of the Chinese specimens the secondaries are entirely black on the 
upper surface, and the submarginal markings on the under surface are but very 
faintly indicated, whilst an example of the same form, taken in Kulu, N.W. 
Himalayas, is entirely mthout markings on either surface of the Avings. From 
this form the size and number of the submarginal lunules gradually increase, 
and the red spot towards extremity of the tail becomes visible. The red 
lunules and white spots increase in size by degrees until the characteristics of 
var. lama are reached, of which form a female example is figured by Oberthiir ; 
continued gradation leads up to the typical form of philoxeniis, and beyond 
this to an extreme form in which the red markings are very pronounced, some 
of them confluent, and the white quadrate spot very large with a smaller white 
spot above and below it. 
In addition to the variation refen-ed to in the above remarks, P. philoxenus 
is subject to still other modifications. In some examples all the spots on 
secondaries are red ; in others, although the submarginal lunules are well 
defined, the spot on the tail is absent. In some specimens there is an extra 
red patch above anal angle, and in others this is represented by a white blotch 
which is sometimes broken up into two or three spots. The white quadrate 
spot, which is usually present, is excessively variable in shape, being in some 
specimens nearly circular ; in others it is triangular, and in others, again, bar- 
shaped, often contracted in the middle, and sometimes separated into two 
spoj;s ; in a few specimens this mark is hook-shaped. 
A common insect throughout the Himalayas. Elwes states that in Sikkim 
it is met with up to an elevation of 8000 feet from April to November. 
Distribution. Central and Western China* ; the Himalayas, Siam, Upper 
Burmah. 
Papilio alcinous. 
Papilio alcinous, Klug, Neue Schmett. p. 1, pi. i. figs. 1-4 (1836). 
Papilio alcinous, var., Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. i. p. 12, pi. iv. figs. 2, 3 (1852). 
Papilio mencius, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 22 (1862). 
PapiUo spathatus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii. p. 139 (1881). 
Papilio hcematostictus, Butler, loc. cit. 
* Oberthiir (Etud. d'Entom. xi.) records a variety of P. murice. Semper, from Kouy-Tchcou. 
I am not acquainted with Semper 's species, which is from the Philippines, but I am inclined to 
think that Oberthiir's insect is referable to P. pMloxenus. 
4b2 
