122 
Psyche 
[Vol. 89 
As mentioned before Janet found this gland not only in workers 
of M. rubra but also in males. Ant males differ from the workers in 
having one more exposed segment (8th segment); often even part of 
the 9th segment is visible. Thus in ant males the pygidial gland does 
not open at the last exposed tergite (Fig. 1). 
As can be seen from tab. 1 we found a pygidial gland in species of 
the subfamilies Myrmeciinae, Ponerinae, Dorylinae, Pseudomyr- 
mecinae, Myrmicinae, Nothomyrmeciinae and Dolichoderinae. In 
Aneuretus simoni (Aneuretinae) we detected a few glandular cells, 
but we could not clearly see glandular ducts. In the males, as in the 
workers, there exists a considerable variation in the morphology of 
the pygidial glands, even within a single subfamily. In some species 
large clusters of glandular cells are associated with a special cuticu- 
lar structure on the 7th tergite (Fig. 1, 2, 6c). Some species possess 
more or less developed reservoirs, composed of an invagination of 
the intersegmental membrane (Fig. 3). In other species there are 
only a few glandular cells that send dorsolaterally ducts through the 
intersegmental membrane. 
In ant males a post pygidial gland is almost as common as the 
pygidial gland (Fig. 1). It also consists of paired clusters of glandu- 
lar cells that open through the intersegmental membrane, but 
between the 7th and 8th tergites (Tab. 1). This gland is especially 
well developed in Nothomyrmecia macrops males, where the inter- 
segmental membrane forms a large reservoir. There it closely 
resembles the pygidial gland found in workers. Interestingly, the 
males of this species have only a few glandular cells between the 6th 
and 7th tergites. Thus in comparison with Nothomyrmecia females 
(including queens) the major tergal gland in the males is shifted one 
segment posteriorly. In most other ant species examined, however, 
the gland between the 6th and 7th tergites (pygidial gland) is the 
major tergal gland in both workers and males. 
The doryline males are a remarkable exception. They, too, have 
large pygidial glands, consisting of paired complex glands and a 
large reservoir. But the same structure is present in the next 3 seg- 
ments anteriorly (6th-5th; 5th-4th; 4th-3rd) (Fig. 4, 5). In addition, 
intersegmental glandular cells were found between the 7th and 8th 
tergites. In the 3rd tergite we also found paired groups of glandular 
cells, the ducts of which penetrate the sclerotized cuticle of the 3rd 
tergite dorsolaterally. 
