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[Vol. 89 
Mounting attempts of males on L. faberi females could also be 
released by gently squeezing a female within a swarming cage with 
males flying and crawling around. 
One mated and dealate female was placed into a nest of the host 
species; however, it had to be removed quickly because it was 
seriously attacked by the workers. This same female then was put 
together with two workers from the mother colony, and with a few 
larvae from another host species colony, into an artificial nest. The 
faberi queen became fertile, and after a hibernation I increased her 
host worker stock using 25 worker pupae of Leptothorax acervo- 
rum. I used L. acervorum pupae because the normal host species 
colonies did not produce sufficient worker pupae: L. acervorum is 
an ideal “replacement host species” for several parasitic species. 
Thus, we succeeded in breeding Formicoxenus nitidulus, guest ant 
of Formica, with L. acervorum (Buschinger, 1976). After a second 
hibernation the original host species workers were dead, and the 
colony produced 1 L. faberi male. Further acervorum worker pupae 
were added, and in the third artificial brood period a total of 4 
faberi males, 2 females, and 1 worker was produced. During this 
period the faberi queen died. 
The second laboratory-mated faberi queen was placed into the 
mother colony, where it was accepted, apparently became fertile, 
and survived for two artificial annual cycles alongside its mother 
queen. Both died at the end of the third laboratory brood period of 
this colony. 
The host species of L. faberi is a comparatively large, nearly black 
form which is related to L. muscorum Nyl., but it differs markedly 
from this European species. I cannot identify this form yet. A 
second, smaller species with more brownish coloration occurs sym- 
patrically with the black form in Jasper Park. This smaller “L. 
muscorum” is the host species of Doronomyrmex pocahontas 
(Buschinger, 1979). It looks more similar to L. muscorum from 
Europe than to North American specimens, but it seems also to 
represent a distinct species. Besides the morphological differences of 
size and coloration, the two Canadian “muscorum” also differ 
markedly with respect to their sexual behavior. The “small brown” 
species’ females exhibit a characteristic sexual calling behavior 
(Locksterzeln) similar to European L. muscorum Nyl. and most 
social parasites of this group. I was able to breed this species over 
several generations in the laboratory. The “large black” species on 
