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[Vol. 89 
than in 1980 (X 2 = 19.1, P < 0.001) whereas at Mendon a signifi- 
cantly higher proportion of one-year cells were produced in 1980 
than in 1979 (X 2 = 6.3, P < 0.025). However, the Faust site yielded a 
significantly greater proportion of one-year cells than did Mendon 
during both years (1979, X 2 = 214.1, P< 0.001; 1980, X 2 = 47.4, P< 
0 . 001 ). 
An association between sex and the number of years required to 
complete development was found (Table 1). For all site-years, there 
were significantly more males than females among one-year forms, 
and fewer than expected males among two-year forms (Faust 1979, 
X 2 = 9.8, P < 0.005; 1980, X 2 = 22.6, P < 0.001; Mendon 1979, X 2 = 
13.9, P < 0.001; 1980 X 2 = 8.8, P < 0.005). Thus the sex ratio (5/9) 
of one-year forms was always higher than that of two-year forms. 
However, the sex ratio of one- or two-year forms (taken separately) 
was not always the same from year to year or from site to site. At 
Faust the proportion of both one- and two-year males decreased in 
1980 (Table 1; one-year forms, X 2 = 7.4, P < 0.01; two-year forms, 
X 2 = 1 1.9, P < 0.01) and, as a consequence, the combined sex ratio 
of offspring declined significantly from 1 .3 (1979) to 0.96 (1980) (X 2 
= 21.4, P < 0.001). Conversely, no such changes occurred at Men- 
don (P > 0.75 all comparisons). 
The incidence of one- and two-year forms appears to be con- 
trolled by a genetic polymorphism rather than by the action of 
environmental variables upon individual offspring. If environmen- 
tal cues such as photoperiod, thermoperiod, oxygen levels, etc. act 
either indirectly on the mother or directly on the progeny to deter- 
mine the developmental fate of offspring, then a consistent pattern 
of distribution of one- and two-year forms in mixed nests (those 
containing both one- and two-year forms) should be evident. To 
examine this possibility we classified mixed nests as follows: 1) one- 
year forms in inner cells; two-year forms in outer cells; 2) a reversal 
of 1; 3) a double switch, i.e., nests having one-year forms positioned 
as bottom and top cells with a two-year form between; or, two-year 
forms sandwiching a one-year form. Only mixed nests that could be 
categorized with surety were counted; thus, nest totals in Table 2 are 
fewer than totals listed in Table 1 because some nests were not 
counted. Such a categorization of nests assumes that all nestmates 
are siblings. In general this is a valid assumption; supercedure of the 
nest of one female by another female is an infrequent occurrence. 
