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[Vol. 89 
2) Individuals are locating abandoned nests to provision rather 
than starting completely new ones. 
3) Individuals are “stealing” provisions from nests of other 
individuals. 
4) Individuals are usurping nests which other individuals are 
actively excavating or provisioning. 
5) Several individuals are contributing to excavation, provisioning 
or oviposition within a single nest. 
The latter hypothesis is particularly interesting since no species of 
the family Colletidae is known to be parasocial (Michener, 1974). It 
is plausible that females not only construct their own nests but also 
usurp partially constructed or provisioned nests of other females as 
has been reported in some other Hymenoptera that nest in aggrega- 
tions (Brockmann and Dawkins, 1979; Brockmann et al., 1979; 
Eickwort, 1975; Eickwort, 1981; Eickwort et al., 1977). Further stu- 
dies of Crawfordapis luctuosa are needed to better understand its 
social behavior and biology. 
Systematics 
Description of Larva 
The following description follows the format used for describing 
other colletid larvae (McGinley, 1981). 
head (Figs. 9-1 3): (2) Labrum nonspiculate; (3) epipharynx and 
(4) hypopharynx spiculate; (5) maxilla spiculate on inner surface. (7) 
Head size normal in comparison to body (head not relatively large 
as in Xeromelissinae); (8) head capsule somewhat elongate, slightly 
produced in lateral view; (10) frontal swellings above antennae 
absent; (10a) median frontal swelling above antennae absent (pres- 
ent only in Ptiloglossa). (14) Anterior tentorial pit low in position 
(high in all other known diphaglossines); (15) posterior tentorial pit 
at junction of hypostomal ridge and posterior thickening of head 
capsule; (15a) tentorial development unknown (tentorium of speci- 
men examined was incomplete, probably due to nearness of speci- 
men to pupation). (16) Posterior thickening of head capsule 
moderately developed (17) straight medially, not curved forward; 
(19) median longitudinal thickening of head capsule absent; (20) 
hypostomal ridge well-developed; (25) epistomal ridge complete but 
thin, (26) arching dorsally to level of antennae. (27) Parietal bands 
distinct, broad and shallow. (28) Antennal prominence absent; (29) 
