1982] Otis, McGinley, Gar ling & Malaret — Crawfordapis 291 
Figure 14. Mature larva of Crawfordapis luctuosa. 
short. (The structure of diphaglossine larval spiracles remains 
poorly understood, especially with regard to the subatrium. The 
atrium is connected to the trachea by a long, nonringed tube. While 
this tube is characteristic of diphaglossines, its internal structure and 
homologies are not known.) 
material studied: Two postdefecating larvae; 5 km east Monte- 
verde, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica; July 16, 1977 (G. W. Otis); 
specimens in the larval bee collection of the American Museum of 
Natural History. Two postdefecating larvae; Bouquete, Chiriqui 
Province, Panama; April 25, 1981 (R. W. Brooks); specimens in the 
personal collection of R. W. Brooks. 
Analysis of Larval Characters 
McGinley (1981) described the mature larvae of 30 colletid species 
including those of seven diphaglossines. Two cladograms for the 
diphaglossine genera appeared to be most strongly supported by lar- 
val characters. One of the cladograms, for reasons discussed in the 
above mentioned paper, appeared to be the preferable working 
hypothesis of diphaglossine phylogeny. This cladogram is presented 
in Figure 15, with Crawfordapis now included. The polarities of the 
characters listed in Table 3 were determined by out-group compari- 
son, i.e., consideration of character state distributions in all other 
bee larvae as well as in nonapoid larvae, especially those of specoid 
wasps. 
