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[Vol. 89 
produced a solitary, well-preserved mandible of Cicindela repanda 
Dejean from the basal level of a marl deposit (Schwert, 1978) found 
in association with open-ground but largely boreal species. The 
Brampton site near Toronto, is a kettle deposit from which a soli- 
tary well-preserved right elytron and mandible fragment of Cicin- 
dela limbalis Klug was recovered (Morgan and Freitag, 1982). Once 
again the cicindelid fragments were associated with a fauna resident 
today in open ground regions within the boreal zone (Morgan, 
Morgan and Motz, 1982). 
The presence of cicindelids in these early deposits of late Wiscon- 
sinan sequences is not surprising. In all cases, with the exception of 
the California examples, the tiger beetle remains are associated with 
species which inhabit open ground situations. Undoubtedly the ice 
merely forced many cicindelid populations southward at the time of 
maximum advance and they remained there to successfully recolo- 
nise sandy terrain after ice retreat. Tiger beetle remains also are 
present due to the nature of the sediments; the very fine silts and 
clays which are typical of most of these sequences is ideal for the 
preservation of the extremely thin elytral chitin found in cicindelids. 
In coarse sediments, or in sequences which are organic-rich, the 
detritus would abrade, distort and fragment the remains to a degree 
where most skeletal parts would become unrecognizable. 
In Table 1, we have attempted to compile known fossil Cicindeli- 
dae records including those described in this paper, and we have 
also commented, where appropriate, on some of the early identifi- 
cations. 
