232 
Notes on the River Yang-tse-Kiang. [No. 3, 
heather ; roads are carried across the mountain to the villages in 
the interior, and are sufficiently good for baggage animals. 
The first town reached above Ichang is Kwei (chow) called Koue 
on Arrowsmith’s map ; it is a small walled place on the left bank 
containing about 300 houses, and the suburbs about 30 ; near the 
town a good road runs along the river bank, crossing the ravines on 
well constructed stone bridges. 
Two miles above Kwei, coal is worked in galleries driven into the 
hillsides; this coal does not appear of good quality; it is brought 
to the surface in small, dull looking lumps ; a number of people 
are employed in breaking it to powder, mixing it with water and 
moulding it into bricks for fuel ; boats carry it to Ichang in about 
six hours. 
At the rapid of Yeh (tan) 3 miles above Kwei, the water, in the 
first week in April, falls about 4 feet in 70 yards, but breaks only 
near the left bank. 
The town of Wushan (hien) is approached by a long gorge of the 
same name ; about half way through it are two creeks, one on each 
side of the river, marking the boundary between Iloupeh and 
Sz’chuan ; that on right bank is called “ Pei-shih,” that on the left 
“ Shah-mo-chang ;” at Wushan the poppy is cultivated ; on the lrills 
about the town, peaches, apricots, walnuts, the castor oil plant, haw- 
thorn, honey suckle, and many wild flowers grow ; a tree called “ Tung- 
shu” is extensively cultivated in this part of the Yang-tse valley ; 
from the nut, called Tung-tse, an oil used for varnish is expressed ; 
each nut contains three or more kernels in shape and taste like a 
small Brazil nut, but very poisonous. 
Above Wushan the hills recede slightly from the river, as far as 
a gorge most appropriately named “ Fung-siang” or the wind box ; 
it averages no more than 80 yards in width ; the stream is strom?, 
but not rapid ; the cliffs rise vertically from the water’s edge to a 
great height ; at its upper end the hills again recede from the river, 
and close to a small stream on the left hank stands Quaichow (foo) . 
Quaichow (foo) is distant from Shanghae 1,028 geographical or 
nearly 1,200 statute miles ; it is 414 geographical miles from Hankow 
and 78 above Ichang ; there appeared no signs of trade in the town 
and few boats were lying near it. 
Between Ichang and Quaichow, the navigation would be difficult 
