271 
Identity of the Toramt'mas of Evan and Kashmir. [No. 3, 
lord in the land of his birth naturally looked upon him with fear and 
envy, and his foreign dependency could not be trusted without the 
assurance of help from his native country. The usual consequence 
followed, and he ended his days in prison. 
The second objection to the identification would be the date of 
the Satrunjaya Mdh&tmya which makes S'iladitya the contemporary 
of Pravarasena, flourish in the year 477 of the Christian era, while 
according to the recorded date of the Yaraha inscription, coupled 
with the assumption that the era of that record commenced a little 
after the third century, in the year 319 A. C., the father of Pravara- 
sena lived at the beginning, if not in the middle, of the sixth century. 
Put Orientalists are very much divided in opinion regarding the ori- 
gin of the Gupta era. According to Mr. Hall’s conjecture its starting 
point may be taken to be 278 A. C. to which if we add 165 of the 
Budhagupta inscription, we completely rid ourselves of the ana- 
chronism, and have Toramana brought within a few years after 443. 
Col. Cunningham in his essay on “ the ancient coinage of Kash- 
mir,”* assumes the Toramana of that country to have reigned from 
the year 415 to 430 A. C. But, as his revision of the chronology of 
the Gonardiya dynasty is effected, principally, by a distribution of the 
300 years of the reign of Ranaditya among his predecessors, and by 
casting averages, which when many centuries are taken into account, 
cannot be so precise as not to admit of a difference of twenty or 
thirty years, his calculations will not, we presume, be taken as op- 
posed to our assignment of the date of Toramana. It must be 
admitted that in his Bhilsa Topes ,t the learned Colonel has placed 
the Toramana of the Erun monument in the middle of the sixth 
century, but as his calculations in that case were founded upon the 
assumption of the Gupta era having commenced in the middle of 
the fourth century, they are open to revision whenever the starting 
point of that era is definitively fixed. 
Of the coins of Toramana, three different types are now available, J 
of which the first is of the true Kenerki stamp, exactly similar to the 
* Numismatic Chronicle, vol. VI. p. 18. 
t Loc. cit. 
1 Mr. E. C. Bayley, C. S. informs me of a copper coin of Pravara with the 
Kenerki obverse, but the female figure on the reverse mounted on a lion. I hope 
ere long to have an opportunity of presenting a figure of this unique specimen 
to the readers of the Journal. 
