LE DARWINISME. 
469 
il représente un captif qui prouve sa complète soumission en 
présentant au vainqueur ses mains à lier. C est la représen- 
tation fdèle du latin dare nmnus, comme formule expressive 
de la soumission (1). Ainsi ni élever les yeux, ni joindre les 
mains sous l’influence de sentiments de piété, ne sont pro- 
bablement des actions innées ou vraiment expressives. Et, 
en effet, il n’aurait guère été permis de le supposer, car il 
est vraiment douteux que des sentiments comme ceux que 
nous appelons maintenant pieux, aient impressionné les 
cœurs des hommes lorsque, dans les temps passés, ils vi- 
vaient dans une condition barbare (2). » 
Cl) The origin of language, 1866, p. 146. 
(2) « Dévotion is chiefly expressed by the face being directed towards the 
» heavens, with the eyeballs upturned. Sir Ch. Bell remarks that, at the 
» approach of sleep, or of a fainting-fit, or of death, the pupils are drawn 
» upwards and inwards ; and lie believes that when 10 e are icrapt in devo- 
» tional feelings, and outward impressions are unheeded , the eyes are 
« raised by an action neither taught nor acquired ; and that is due to 
» the same cause as in the above cases. That the eyes are upturned during 
» sleep is, as I hear from Professor Donders, certain. With babies, whilst 
» sucking their mother's breast, this movement of the eyeballs often gives to 
» them an absurd appearance of ecstatic delight ; and here it may be clearly 
» perceived that a struggle is going on against the position naturally assu- 
« med during sleep. But Sir C. Bell’s explanation of the fact, winch rests on 
» the assumption that certain muscles are more under the control of the will 
» than others is, as I hear from Professor Donders, incorrect. As the eyes are 
» often turned up in prayer, without the mind being so much absorbed in 
» thought as to approach to the unconsciousness of sleep, the movement is 
» probably a conventional one, — the resuit of the common belief that 
» Heaven, the source of Divine power to -winch we pray, is seated above us. 
» A humble posture, with the hands upturned and palms joined, appears 
» to us, from long habit, a gesture so appropriate to dévotion, that it 
» might be thought to be innate; but I hâve not met with any evidence to 
» this effect with the various extra-European races of mankind. During the 
» classical period of Roman liistory it does not appear, as I hear from an 
» excellent classic, that the hands were thus joined during prayer. M.Hens- 
» leigh Wedgwood has apparently given the true explanation, though this 
» implies that the attitude is one of slavish subjection. When the suppliant 
» kneels and holds up his hands with the palms joined, he represents a 
