NOTES ON FUNGUS HABITATS.* 
T. GIBUS. 
Among - fungus habitats woodlands necessarily take the first 
place, as it is there we find the greatest accumulation of their 
food materials, decaying wood, twigs, leaves, etc. Woodlands 
may be divided according to the kind of trees of which they 
are composed. Thus we have (i) fir woods ; (2) beech woods ; 
(3) oak woods, and (4) mixed deciduous woods. Large numbers 
of fungi are found in fir woods only, typical species being 
Tricholoma rutilans. Clitocybe ' phyllophila, Collybia conigena-, 
Flammula sapinea, Hypholoma capnoides, Hygrophorus hypo- 
thecs, Lactarius deliciosns, Thelcphora laciniata, and Clavaria 
abietina. Beech woods also have a very distinctive fungus- 
flora, although the number of species strictly confined to them 
is much smaller than in the case of fir woods. Among the 
more interesting are the edible Cantharellus cibarius. the 
parasitic Avmillaria niucida, and the tiny Mycena capillaris, 
which grows on the dead leaves. Many of the larger fungi, 
although not confined to beech woods, may yet be considered 
typical beech wood fungi, as they are there found in greatest 
abundance. Among these may be named Tricholoma terreum. 
Cortinarius elatior, most of the Russules. Hebeloma glutinosiim. 
Boletus edulis, and Hydnum repandum. Oak woods, with 
dry, and often stony, soil and undergrowth of bracken, have 
generally a poor fungus-flora, but in their more open spots 
we may find many of the larger Agarics, as Amanitopsis 
vaginatus, Amanita ritbescens, Paxillus involutus, Collybia 
maculata, and Lactarius tiirpis. Allied to the oak woods are 
the birch-clad hillsides which so often lie between them and 
the open moor. These are the chief habitat of the beautiful 
but deadly ‘ Fly Agaric ’ ( Amanita muscaria). Very few fungi 
are found on the moors themselves, but a pretty primrose- 
yellow variety of Omphalia umbellifera is common on peaty 
banks high up mountain sides. Cantharellus aurantiacus, 
usually a fir-wood species, may also be found on peaty banks 
on the moors, and another fir-wood species, Flammula sapinea. 
has a variety which grows among the heather on the moors. 
The closely-cropped grass of hillside and upland pastures 
seems specially favourable to the pink-spored genera such as 
Entoloma and Lcptonia. On the other hand, rich, well-manured 
pastures are the chief habitat of the true mushrooms and the 
large edible Tricholomas. personatum. gambosum, and panceo- 
lum, and the other well-known edible species, the ‘ Fairy-ring 
Champignon ’ (Marasmius or cades). In swamps we find 
Collybia clusilis, Pholiota myccnoides, Naucoria semi-orbicular is. 
1914 Jan. 1. 
* Read at the Sandsend Fungus Foray, 1913. 
