158 In Memoriam: Joseph Anthony Martindale. 
1 rf v r ’ 
up German after forty years of age,' and apart from his being 
a classical and an Anglo-Saxon scholar, he acquired French 
with facility, and was versed in Icelandic and Norwegian. 
He was an excellent draughtsman too, a good entomologist, 
and an antiquary of some distinction, mainly instrumental in 
the discovery of an ancient British settlement at Millrigg, 
Iventmere, and his Anglo-Saxon knowledge served him in 
good stead in discussing the question of local place-names. 
He had also a good knowledge of geolog}’, and even took up a 
little osteology. 
But it was as a botanist that Mr. Martindale was most 
renowned. He was associated with J. M. Barnes and George 
Stabler, both of Levens, and the trio used to meet at each others’ 
houses, month by month, to discuss politics (on which they 
differed, even to fierce argument) and botany, in which all of 
them were proficient — and Martindale used facetiously to call 
this gathering of friends the three-legged Society. 
In botany they worked together assiduously and steadily, 
the flowering plants coming first, and then the trio specialized 
in the cryptogams, Barnes taking up the ferns, Stabler the 
mosses, and Martindale the lichens. It was then that he found 
it necessary to study German, to correspond with Dr. Ny- 
lander, the great German authority, and to avail himself of 
the indispensable German literature. In 1889 he discovered 
a lichen on Langdale Pikes, new to Britain, Gyrophora sporo- 
chroa. About that time it was that he contributed the List 
of Westmorland Lichens to the pages of The Naturalist , 
1888 to 1890, and 1895, the only list published. 
His views, strongly held, on the life history of Lichens, 
were in opposition to the new theories held by many. He be- 
lieved, and argued trenchantly, that they were separate 
organisms like algae or fungi, and were not fungi parasitical on 
algae. It was described as a feast to hear him pour ridicule on 
the holders of the extreme theory of symbiosis, who state that 
the fungi devour the algal cells of the lichen. He had studied 
thousands of lichens under high microscopical powers, but never 
had he seen one algal cell disappear, he used to say with a glee- 
ful sense of conquest when discussing the views of Sachs or 
Schwendener. 
It was Martindale who placed Westmorland botanical 
research on a sound footing, following up the labours of Wilson 
and Hudson in the eighteenth century, and Gough in the nine- 
teenth century — and linking up its history from the time of 
Thomas Lawson, the Quaker schoolmaster of Great Strickland, 
and the father of Lakeland botany, who in 1688 sent to the 
famous John Ray a list of 150 local plants, with the stations 
in which they grew. For the purpose of systematic botanical 
work. Air. Martindale prepared a map which was printed for 
Naturalist, 
