324 Yorkshire Naturalists in Eskdale. 
in different parts of Cleveland. If these happen to be above 
any of the many thin seams of ironstone they have been 
promptly called ironstone workings. If they are not im- 
mediately above an ironstone bed, but above the jet shale, 
they were put down as jet workings. 
Those at Glaisdale are above the Fllerbeck bed of poor 
ironstone and we have therefore been assured that they are 
ironstone workings, but the last ordnance map cautiously 
calls them simply ‘ Pits.’ 
The winning of ironstone and the manufacture of iron in 
however crude a fashion implies intelligence in the workmen. 
Why did any intelligent men pursue the laborious process of 
sinking pits from which to drive horizontal galleries with all 
the trouble of disposing of the debris when with infinitely less 
labour they could have worked the outcrop — a richer quality 
of stone — and by throwing the baring down the slope have won 
the stone in much greater quantity ? 
In another part of Cleveland where there are hundreds of 
similar pits extending over several miles, designated of old as 
a ‘ British settlement ’ but more recently ‘ Jet workings ’ and 
‘ Ironstone workings,’ the writer was in a position to put the 
matter to proof and had a large number of them carefully dug 
out. In only one solitary instance did they penetrate into the 
jet shale and then only in a well-like shaft for 6 or 7 feet, and 
the seam of ironstone below was untouched. Abundance of 
charcoal, burnt sandstones, some 12th and 13th century pottery 
and other material of no particular importance was dis- 
covered, but nothing to show for what purpose they were 
originally used. I will merely add that most of them are on 
plateaus or terraces in defensible positions with a good out- 
look. 
A visit was paid to the Hole of Horcum — an enormous 
depression in the Middle Oolite, passing over on the way some 
exposures of the Lower Oolite and an outcrop of the Cleveland 
Whin Dyke. The hardness of this rock as compared with its 
surroundings was well seen in the way in which it had resisted 
denudation and formed a ridge known as the Whinstone 
Ridge. 
In and about the Hole of Horcum the Calcareous Grit. 
Oxford Clay and Kellaways rock are well exposed, but a deluge 
of rain prevented the members from making a very close 
investigation. 
Boulders of Grey Limestone were seen in the stream above 
Falling Force, as v 7 ell as a fine piece of well-rounded water-worn 
Shap granite, and a big block oi the latter w r as aLo noted on 
Sneaton Moor. Erratics from the Cheviot district were 
common. 
All the beds worked were remarkably unfossiliferous. 
Naturalist, 
