THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF BATS. 
Ill 
1871. Thyreorhina Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 
p. 327 ( coronata ). Subgenus of Pliyllorhina=Hipposideros. 
1871. Syndesmotis Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 
p. 329 (megalotis) . Subgenus of Phyllorhina= Hipposideros. 
1878. Phyllorhina Dobson, Catal. Ckiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 127. 
1887. Hipposiderus Blaneord, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 637. 
Type- species. — V espertilio speoris Schreber. 
Geographical distribution. — Tropical parts of Old World east to 
the Philippine Islands, New Ireland, and Australia, and northwest 
to Morocco, Africa. 
N umber of forms . — About forty forms of Hipposideros are now 
recognized. 
Characters. — Dental formula : 
-2-. 1. - 2- 4567.1-1 1 -1 2-2 3 -3 OA 
1.2 1. - 2 -4 5 6 7 * 2 - 2’ ? 1 - 1’ pm 2 - 2, m 3 - 3 3 °' 
Upper incisors very small, but usually well formed and with dis- 
tinct, rounded crown with slight cusp on inner side. Lower incisors 
trifid, the outer larger than the inner, the four teeth forming a con- 
tinuous row between canines. Upper canines heavy, but simple in 
form, without conspicuous cingula, though frequently with a second- 
ary cusp near posterior base of shaft. Lower canines rather weak. 
First upper premolar (pm*) small, functionless, closely crowded 
between cingula of canine and large premolar or forced outward com- 
pletely from the tooth row; rarely absent. Other teeth showing no 
special peculiarities ; m 1 and m 2 with main cusps normal and hypo- 
cone absent, m 3 usually with five cusps and three commissures, but the 
mesostyle and metacone are always closely approximated, the latter 
sometimes absent, leaving only two commissures. Lower molars with 
the cusps well developed and normal in position. Skull (fig. 21 B) 
with distinct, though low and not specially developed, sagittal crest, 
small bullae, and moderately large cochleae. Greatest depth of brain 
case (bullae not included) at least equal to depth of rostrum, includ- 
ing molars. Zygoma abruptly expanded posteriorly, but height of 
expanded portion much less than distance from last molar to glenoid 
fossa. Lumbar vertebrae not fused.' Ears either not joined across 
forehead or united by a low band. Tail well developed, longer than 
femur ; caudal vertebrae 6 to 8. 
Species examined. — I have examined at least half of the known 
species, including skeletons of Hipposideros barbensis Miller, H. cal- 
car atus (Dobson), IT. caffer (Sundevall), II. larvatus (Horsfield), 
H. pygmceus (Waterhouse), II. speoris (Schreber), II. templetonii 
(Kelaart), and H. vittatus (Peters). 
Remarks. — The genus Hipposideros , which contains much more 
than half the species of the family, is recognizable by its dental 
