THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF RATS. 
229 
Subfamily MURININAE. 
1878. Vespertiliones Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 168 (part). 
1891. Vesper til ionidw (part: Vespertilionine division, part) Flower and 
Lydekker, Mammals, living and extinct, p. 661. 
Geographic distribution. — Malay region, India, and central and 
eastern Asia to Japan. 
Characters. — Anterior upper premolar {pm 2 ) very slightly reduced, 
scarcely smaller than posterior premolar {pm 4 ) and essentially like 
it in form; molars essentially normal or considerably modified, the 
metaconid always noticeably the largest cusp in m 1 and m 2 ; nos- 
trils conspicuously tubular-projecting. 
Remarks. — The very u#usual structure of the anterior upper pre- 
molar suggests a primitive stage of development, preceding the ten- 
dency to reduction to which the premolars are subject elsewhere 
among the bats. The molars of II arpiocephalus are, on the other 
hand, very highly modified, more so than in any other genus of Yes- 
pertilionidse, though a suggestion of the same form of tooth is found 
in Pachyotus. Both H arpiocephalus and Murina also show a high 
degree of specialization in the tubular nostrils. It seems most natu- 
ral, therefore, to regard the group as a specialized offshoot from 
some low, Myotis-Y\kv Vespertilionine form. 
Principal subdivisions. — Two very distinct genera of Murininse 
are now known. 
KEY TO THE GENERA OF MURININHS. 
Molars essentially normal Murina , p. 229. 
Molars highly abnormal, m 1 and m 2 with main cusps closely approximated 
and mesostyle absent, m 3 reduced to an almost structureless, sometimes 
deciduous, remnant H arpiocephalus, p. 230. 
Genus MURINA Gray. 
1842. Murina Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., X, p. 258, December, 1842 
( suillus ). 
1842. Ocypetes Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., p. 30 (part; included 
cavernarum—liarpia and suillus) ; not Ocypetes Wagler, 1832. 
1878. H arpiocephalus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 276 (part: 
subgenus Murina, p. 277, and subgenus It arpiocephalus, p. 277, part). 
Type-species. — V espertilio suillus Temminck. 
Geographic distribution. — Malay region, India, and central and 
eastern Asia to Japan. 
Number of forms . — Eight species are known, including all of those 
currently referred to “ Murina ” and all the members of Ilarpiocepha- 
lus except harpia. 
Characters. — Dental formula : 
-2 3. 1. - 2- 4567 .2-2 1-1 2-2 3-3 
12 3. 1. - 2-4567 ? 3 - 3’ A - 1’^"' 2 - 2' m 3-3 - 
34 . 
