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in general proceed from the Bladder's being too 
roughly dealt with, becaufe I take the Cafe to be 
of itfelf very evident : Unlefs the Habit is remark- 
ably bad, to what elfe fhall we attribute violent Pain, 
and the fucceflive Inflammation, Tumour, Suppref- 
fion of Urine, Mortification, &c.} Thefe furcly are 
not the Attendants on a Ample Incifion only 5 for 
conftant Experience evinces, that the Bladder, tho’ 
an Organ of great Importance, and efientially necef- 
fary to the animal Oeconomy, may be wounded with 
as little Danger of any of the above-mention’d Evils, 
as any other membranous Part. 
But I believe we fhall not be at a Lofs for the true 
Caufe of all thofe Mifchiefs, if the State of the Parts 
in the Extraction of a large Stone be clofely confi- 
der’d. 
It may be obferv’d, when a Stone is laid hold of 
by the Forceps , that both together, Stone and For- 
ceps , from the Screw- pin to the former, form a com- 
plete Wedge 5 infomuch that a Pcrfon in a forcible 
Extraction, can fcarcely conceive the Power applied 
to the Bladder, or the Force with which it is dif- 
tended. If the Diameter of the Stone be equal to 
a third Part of the Length of the Chops of the Forceps , 
a Force of ten Pounds applied to them will be to 
the Wound of the Bladder, equal to thirty 3 but how 
Chocking muft be the Cafe, when (either on account 
of the Magnitude of the Stone, or Narrownefs of the 
Wound) a Man ufes his utmoft Force, and many 
fuch Inftancesin adult Bodies I have feen. The Power 
is then augmented by the ACtion of the Lever to 
two or three hundred 3 a Force no doubt fufficient 
to reduce the Bladder and neighbouring Parts to Rags. 
This 
